How to Make New Friends at University

Making Friends at University Without friends, I am not sure I would have finished my university. My wonderful peers supported me during difficult times, helped me understand some of the more difficult concepts in my field of study and, more importantly, filled my university routine with fun and joy. Nevertheless, in the race for getting good grades for your essays and reports, getting enough sleep, the regular commute and learning how to rely on one’s own, taking the time to make new friends can be challenging. But don’t despair! The below tips should help you to meet great people and have fun while doing so. Use Social Media Online communication is one of the blessings of the Internet era. Approaching people for the first time is a major obstacle, particularly if you’re feeling shy (which is perfectly understandable). My personal experience suggests that even before the studies start, people in specific courses or study groups start forming groups on Facebook or WhatsApp to get to know each other. Try to be on the lookout for these. Once you find them, simply introduce yourself and weigh in when your peers start discussing topics you’re familiar with. You could also discuss upcoming assignments or challenges such as properly referencing your works. Look for Familiar Faces Being in a new environment is a major stressor, especially if you’ve moved to a new city or country. It could be useful to reduce the gap between your home and the university. When feeling comfortable, try to get to know the students who come from a similar background to yours. This could include studying at the same school, living at the same town or city or sharing your cultural values. This should give you plenty of material to bond over and partner to take on group assignments such as presentations. Use Your Free Time Wisely At the start of the year, there is often some time before the actual lectures and seminars start at the campus. This could be an ideal opportunity to participate in group meet-ups. Student unions or similar organisations could be particularly useful as these often organise introductory events during the first two weeks of university. Even if you are not a freshman, it still makes sense to visit those to help the new students, give advice on how to write essays or proposals, or simply meet people outside of your usual social circle. When following these tips, don’t put too much pressure on yourself. Being a student can be difficult, but you can also meet awesome friends by being yourself and keeping a positive attitude.

Argument Essay Lang - How To Write Essays Like Pro Writing Experts

Argument Essay Lang - How To Write Essays Like Pro Writing ExpertsWhat does Argument Essay Lang samples really mean? It's simply an essay, just like any other. You'll be presented with some set of statements and questions that you're suppose to consider and present a conclusion to.Most students write because they want to learn. But unfortunately, many people have no desire to write. So when they aren't motivated or they just don't know how to write, you can bet that they'll write. But as the classic saying goes, 'the power of the pen is the only thing that holds a story together.'So what does Argument Essay Lang samples really mean? It's simply an essay, just like any other. You'll be presented with some set of statements and questions that you're suppose to consider and present a conclusion to.When you write, think about all the different topics that you could include in your writing. From business to personal development, from business to leadership, from personal to school, from b usiness to religion, from art to music...they'll all be appropriate. The key is to identify the topics that you most want to address.Once you know what topics you want to address, you can narrow down your topic choices by writing down things that you already know. For example, I'm writing about an event in my life where I met a very talented young woman. I already know the event and the lady. What I need to do is to think about the similarities and differences between them.You should write theses on topics that you are already knowledgeable about. As you develop more information about each topic, your essay will become more complex and become more compelling. This is exactly what is called 'synthesis. 'Synthesis is the process of creating a more meaningful article from just one idea.When you put together all the pieces of an essay, it will appear as though you're just dumping your ideas all at once into a final product. You can go through this step and write all the necessary inform ation and not pay attention to it. After all, it's just an essay. However, if you're considering learning how to write better, consider thinking about your essay as one whole, making sure that you're not just breaking the ice but rather, you're bringing up the subject's real value.

Becoming A Psychologist And Studying Psychology - 1468 Words

My first and most set career I am planning on pursuing in the future is a psychologist. For the longest time, I have had my mind set on becoming a psychologist and studying psychology as much as I can in the future. For those who don’t know or aren’t very informed on it, a psychologist is someone that evaluates and studies human behavior and all mental processes, such as emotional, cognitive, and social processes. Usually, they study this through observing and recording how individuals relate to one another and their environments. Psychologists don’t only study single people at a time, but groups of people as well. There is not only one type of psychologist, but about 56 divisions of psychology and psychologists. The most well known branches of psychology, which are ones I am interested in entering, are clinical psychologists and/or counseling psychologists, which study and diagnose mental disorders on people. As stated there are others, such as army psychologist s, children psychologists, health psychologist, etc. which are all seemingly self explanatory, but this doesn’t go for every branch. On average, though, last checked in May of 2012, the median pay for psychologists is about $69,280 dollars a year, earning them about $33.31 dollars an hour. Although depending on how well known, who you work for, and what branch of psychology you are in, this could change; this is just an average of what most do earn. In the United States, we have about 170,200 psychologist jobs,Show MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Psychology And Psychology1135 Words   |  5 Pagesmy final project, I interviewed a professional with PhD in Psychology. However, the person I interviewed did not pursue a psychology job afterwards. Instead, he decided to pursue a job in the IT technological field. Throughout the interview, I asked questions about the hardships and dedication towards the Psychology field. Before summarizing the interview, I also decided to ask my Au nt, who graduated with her Bachelor s degree in Psychology in Minnesota State University, Mankato. During the interviewRead MoreMy Paper On Is Educational Psychology1545 Words   |  7 Pages The topic pertinent to psychology that i chose to do my paper on is educational psychology. Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn and retain knowledge, primarily in educational settings like classrooms. This branch not only involves just the learning process of early childhood and adolescence but it also involves the social, emotional, and cognitive learning processes that are involved in humans throughout their entire lifespan. Educational psychology combines numerous amountsRead MorePsychologist B.F. Skinner was born March 20, 1904 and passed away August 18, 1990. Raised in a1100 Words   |  5 Pages Psychologist B.F. Skinner was born March 20, 1904 and passed away August 18, 1990. Raised in a small town in Pennsylvania by his father William who was a lawyer and his mother Grace. Skinner had a younger brother who he watched die at age sixteen due to cerebral hemorrhage. He attended Hamilton College in New York with plans of becoming a writer. After graduating with his B.A. in English literature he attended Harvard University. Here Skinner invented his prototype for the Skinner box. After GraduatingRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1703 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology has a lot of jobs to choose from.Any job in psychology is going to be involved helping people. Trying to find out why people do the things they do and trying to predict the behavior of people, their emotions, and mental processes. Making sure your child or any person you care about is okay mentally, is important and is the job of people who work in a major in psychology. For this paper, the roles of a psychiatrist, a counselor, and a psychologist will be discussed. The audience will learnRead MorePractitioner Model versus Practitioner-Model and its Impact on My Professional Development1143 Words   |  5 Pagesprofessional goals of working as a consultant. Understanding the distinction between scholar, practitioner, scholar-practitioner and practitioner-scholar all are instrumental in my ability to create a plan to becoming a practitioner-scholar. Focusing on the history of psychology, becoming an effective researcher and forming invaluable communication skills laid the groundwork for having a successful career as a practitioner-scholar. Although, I do not feel I am either a scholar practitioner orRead MoreEssay on Choosing Psychology as a Career1558 Words   |  7 Pages Psychology is the study of the mind, its biology, and behavior if the individual. The father of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, used objective measurement and controlled analyzing to find and emphasize separation between psychology and philosophy (McLeod). Wundt opened the Institute for Experimental Psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879, using his background in physiology to study reactions and sensations (McLeod). There is no doubt that he, along with the later help of SigmundRead MoreExploring Psychology Careers Essay1100 Words   |  5 PagesExploring Psychology Careers Destiny Brotherton PSY 305 May 4, 2015 Dr. Jon Stern Exploring Psychology Careers Although there is an inordinate amount of diverse types and areas of specialization in psychology, such as Clinical Neuropsychology and School Psychology, the overall idea is the study and research of the human mind and behavior. Psychology is known to aid those who suffer from a variety of mental illnesses while also helping people to comprehend better the mind and how exactly theRead MorePersonal Statement on Psychology780 Words   |  3 PagesI have always been interested in the way people act and what affects their behaviour in social situations. From studying psychology at A-level this passion and fascination has grown so much so that I now want to complete a degree in psychology to further my knowledge into human behaviour and what motivates a person to show this behaviour. From studying Piliavin during my A-level course I learnt about the ‘diffusion of responsibility’ which helped me understand why people are lacking in motivationRead MoreThe Role Of A School Psy chologist1659 Words   |  7 Pagesa school psychologist is of upmost importance. In the past, the role of the school psychologist has been solely to work with mentally challenged children. However, with the constantly changing demands that schools are facing, school psychology has broadened the field by transitioning from working with students individually to putting more focus into evidence-based work with families, classrooms, home-school partnerships, consultation and etc. (cite). The role of a school psychologist includes workingRead MoreReporting Studying senior social science subjects was the most influential factor which provided a1600 Words   |  7 PagesReporting Studying senior social science subjects was the most influential factor which provided a wonderful opportunity to discover my abilities and develop skills and confidence in critical thinking and systematic research processes. Especially, getting an A+ for a psychology report assignment and genuinely enjoying the process have given me a sense of competence in performing similar tasks such as planning and conducting experiments, analysing results, and evaluating research processes. After

Graduation Speech No Day But Today Essay - 965 Words

Mrs. Meke told me never to start a paper with a dictionary definition, but it only seemed fitting to site Merriam Webster today. Graduation is the act of acceptance of an academic degree or diploma. Never have Merriam and Webster been more off their mark. Graduation is much more than a simple ceremony, it is the culmination of 12 years of work, friendships, and the little moments that still make us smile. High school was more than its name leads you to believe. It wasn’t just school, it taught us a whole lot more than how to write a good essay, who laid the foundation for communism, and why we all should despise geometry proofs. High School taught us about love, life, work ethic, and how to be a person of substance, all of†¦show more content†¦Get used to it, most of us are once again back on the bottom of the totem pole. Morgan Freeman’s character in The Shawshank Redemption says, â€Å"These walls are kind of funny. First you hate em, then you get used to em. Enough time passes, gets so you depend on them.† Of course, he was referring to prison, but it applies here. I guess Jenison High School was our little prison. We were told when to eat, when to go outside, and when to go to the bathroom. All kidding aside, for some, this place grew on us, and for these, as myself, today is bittersweet. As much as we may have loved this place, it is time to go. We finally are free. Tonight is our last night together as the class of ‘04; tomorrow we will go our separate ways. Some to college and some to jobs. Some we will see randomly at Meijers or on our respective campuses and some we will not see again until the reunion. So do not let tonight be plagued by the coulda, woulda, shouldas. This is the last night to connect, to bond, to share a few laughs, and a few tears. We don’t have the chance to redo it all, it happened, its over, and were all better for it. If anything, make tonight the best night of you high school experience. In the song â€Å"Another Day† from the Broadway Musical RENT, it is most poignantly put, â€Å"Forget regret or life is yours to miss.† Tonight we leave here with everything we have crammed into our heads in 18 years. WhatShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech By Maya Angelou1566 Words   |  7 PagesFebruary 18, 2016 Graduation Graduation is a ceremony that almost every single person is familiar with, thus building the connection of the reader. Graduation is an important transition in one’s life. It represents an accomplishment and signifies moving on to something better, more important and the pathway to use one’s knowledge to achieve one’s life goals. It calls for a celebration along with a grand commencement among family, friends, and peers. Maya Angelou’s, â€Å"Graduation†, is about a youngRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Ellen DeGeneress Commencement Speech Essay1144 Words   |  5 Pages Ellen’s Commencement Speech Rhetorical Analysis Graduation caps fly into the air, cheers erupt, and diplomas are received. This is a typical graduation day. Not only did these ceremonial events take place for Tulane Universitys class of 2009, but Ellen DeGeneres was there to congratulate them as well! This class was dubbed the Katrina Class for being survivors of the devastating Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Katrina was named one of the deadliest Hurricanes, causing more than 1,836Read MoreAn Example of a Graduation Speech653 Words   |  3 Pageswriting papers, doing homework, taking an occasional pop quiz, and of course taking countless exams, it is that time that we all anticipate†¦Graduation! Purpose Statement: Since the majority of us are seniors, and graduation is a little less than a month away, I am going to provide you with some historical background information and some fun facts about graduation in order to make the occasion even more meaningful than it already is. Road Map: Most of you could probably agree that high school wasRead MoreSpeech For Benards Speech972 Words   |  4 Pages Bernard Harris was asked to deliver a commencement speech at WPI Graduation in 2015 for the graduates of Wocrester Poolytechnic Univeristy. From start to finish, Benards speech was well organized, backed by strong and exciting message to the graduates on how continue their way into the world after graduation. Humor is what carried the center stage in speech delivery, and the audience enjoyed the funny comments within the speech that were made by Bernard. He also tells the graduates of how respectedRead More Graduation Speech Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pages family, friends, on this exciting day, I speak to optimism, laughter, and grins. As I was gathering input for this graduation speech, several people suggested including a profound quote offering â€Å"encouraging advice to the young graduates†, and then there were others who said, â€Å"eh don’t worry about it, no one listens to those anyway.† Fortunately, I was actually able to take from both suggestions and found a happy balance. You see, I won’t tell you today to: â€Å"Dare to dream† or â€Å"Find your ownRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School934 Words   |  4 Pageswould be graduation. For many people, graduating from high school is an objective. It takes a lot of time, effort, and determination to accomplish that goal. For others graduation is the end of high school, and the beginning of a new chapter in life. When graduated people feel as if adulthood has begun. In the long run, graduating opens a lot of opportunities for people to thrive. I can almost reminisce the day as if it was yesterday. I was sitting in bed like any other school day. It seemedRead MoreBattle Royal, by Ralph Ellison Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pageson March 1, 1914 (221). Different themes are presented throughout this short story, which reflect different views that Ellison had at the time that he wrote this essay. One boy is invited to speak at local men’s club where he will deliver his graduation speech. As I go on, I will discuss the nature of the short story and how it affected me. The narrator’s view of this entire situation at the men’s club is kind of humiliating which will later set the stage for events that will happen in his future.Read MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing992 Words   |  4 Pages Good afternoon young people. I guess I could say that I am honored to have the privilege to speak to you today. Although 35 years have passed since I was freed from this place, and the school has had forty gra duating classes since it started imprisoning students in 2010, I suppose I must be the only one left that must call this place my â€Å"alma mauter† and I suppose it was only fitting for them to ask me to do this and take advantage of me some more. Perhaps all of the other alumni are in jailRead MoreSteve Jobs Stanford Commencement Speech Analysis1394 Words   |  6 PagesSteve Jobs’ Stanford Commencement Speech: Speak from the Heart A- Speaker and Subject Identification. When technology, innovative and new products subjects is brought up, a few names come to mind. Between these names is that of Steve Jobs, the founder of Pixar Animation, NeXT, and Apple, Steve Jobs, was widely known for changing the world of personal computers and electronic fields. His determination led to significant developments that have affected the lives of everyone of us. There is no denyingRead More Graduation Speech Essay1010 Words   |  5 Pagesfellow students: Instead of taking up more time and reading my speech, it is available to you at http://www.olen’s_speech.com. Thank you. No, just kidding. But seriously folks... Today we are gathered here to celebrate our graduation from 12 long years of schooling. The education granted to us has been a privilege. One so graciously given to us by the citizens of our state, by our community, and by our parents. Today would not be possible without them. So far this evening we have

The Hero Sojourner In A Worn Path by Eudora Welty Essay

The Hero Sojourner in A Worn Path by Eudora Welty In A Worn Path by: Eudora Welty, the main character emulates the necessary nuts and bolts of the archetypal journey as its hero; answers a call to an adventure, has to go through trials of fear, and ending with the retrieval of two prizes. Eudora Weltys short story A Worn Path takes place on a bright, frozen day in December. Representing a struggle, but most of all represents determination. Her name is Phoenix Jackson. This story is about sacrifice, Good versus Evil, and overcoming obstacles. She shows all the qualities of the Hero archetype and a Heros journey. Fate can take control of humans lives and can help humans reach the end of the challenging path. The path is a journey†¦show more content†¦Not only do these trees symbolizes the ups and downs but represent strengths and weaknesses. The oak is strong and not easily moved, meanwhile the Pine is more fragile and consistantly swaying. Illustrates how at first it seems as a lost cause turns into strength and will to go through this journey. Virisque adquirit eundo (Virgil) At every step she gathers strength. Life is like an obstacle course, consisting of obstacles in which have to be overcomed. (unknown author) This element of the archetypal hero employ various situations, symbols and characters for the character to go through many obstacles and trials. She talks to the bush stating Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass, no sir. Old eyes thought you was a pretty little green bush However, she manages to free herself from the thorn bush. Soon after, she faces a barbed-wire fence, which is not easy for anyone, but she gets through, again telling herself that she could not pay for having her arm or her leg sawed off. At one point, she is startled by a stray dog and falls into a ditch. Eventually, a hunter and his dog happen upon her and pull her out of the ditch. He also tries to prevent her from finishing her journey. He tells her that she is too old, and even tries to scare her with his gun. At that point the man says, you must be a hundred years old, and sc ared of nothing...you take my advice and

Taking a Look at Stress - 940 Words

Stress is the feeling created by the body when it reacts to certain events that put tension or strain upon one’s physical, mental, or emotional state. Acute stress, is short term stress that can last anywhere from three days to four weeks. On the other hand, chronic stress is a more serious problem because it is long term stress and can impact health even more. When under constant stress, also known as hyperarousal, blood pressure rises, breathing and heart rates speed up, blood vessels constrict and muscles tense up. The tremendous amount of academic stress high school students experience negatively affects their mental and physical wellbeing by taking a toll on their health now and possibly in the future. There are two types of stress; good stress, known as eustress, and bad stress known as distress. A small amount of eustress is always good; eustress motivates students and helps them concentrate on more than one task. However, when there’s too much stress, it can bac kfire and lead to worry, irritability, or even panic (â€Å"Negative Stress†). Too much distress instigates a powerful reaction that can damage both the brain and the body and can affect mental, as well as physical health. It can lead to a myriad of health issues and other problems such as anxiety, depression, eating disorders, chronic stress, drug abuse, suicide, and more. Stress takes a toll on all aspects of a student’s life and too much stress will lead to chronic stress and affect an individual forever.Show MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Stress763 Words   |  3 PagesStress can be defined as change in one’s physical or mental state in response to strain and pressure. A truly ignored side of stress is, it can be positively adaptive. positive mental stress can prompt inspiration and test rather than uneasiness. Stress can help people in achieving their goals and taking them through challenging situation but stress can also become burdensome leading to emotio nal distress or physical illness. It could be outer and identified with the environment, however it mightRead MoreTaking a Look at Stress1745 Words   |  7 PagesStress is said to have existed throughout evolution. In most cases stress is debated with the perception that it is only associated with human beings. If we look at geography, the formation of the planets and everything existing in them is a result of stress in the form of meltdown which happened over millions of years. Rivers are formed as a result of soil erosion when the earth’s surface is subject to stress by wind or running water. History talks of the transformations from the Stone Age to theRead MoreTaking a Look at Oxidative Stress1059 Words   |  4 PagesOxidative stress is one of the most important stimuli that initiates CCl4 mediated liver damage. Lipid peroxidation as result of oxidative stress is well known to be involved in the liver injury (Lin et al., 2012). There are a number of studies that has r eported the alkynated halogen CCl4 to be widely used as a hepatotoxin to induce liver toxicity in experimental animal models (Weber et al., 2003). Analysis of histopathology revealed that intragastric administration of CCl4 causes damage to the hepaticRead MoreTaking a Look at Adult Stress1295 Words   |  5 PagesUntil recently, stress was considered mainly associated with adulthood. The impact of stress on other parts of the lifespan is now being acknowledged. In this project, it is my mission to explore stress in depth. I will research general information about stress and attempt to reveal sources of stress, and it varies at different stages in life. To finish, I will examine some techniques for informally assessing stress and treatment options. STRESS IN GENERAL What is stress? Stress is a normalRead MoreEssay about Job Stress1011 Words   |  5 Pagespaper I am going to explain why job stress happens and ways that you can relieve it. One type of stress is job stress. Job stress is when the stressors involved are work related. NIOSH the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health states, job stress is the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. There are many things in life that cause stress and working a job is just one ofRead MoreDifferent Forms of Managing Stress862 Words   |  4 Pagesforms of managing stress. Emett, Rita. (2009). Manage your time to reduce your stress. A Handbook for the Overworked, Overscheduled, and Overwhelmed. New York, NY. Walker Publishing Company, Inc. The author of this book, has been published several books and Conducted workshops educating readers on how to avoid Procrastination and promote self improvement projects. She has been guest in over one hundred radio and Television Shows in which she speaks about ways to manage stress. She Worked asRead MoreCauses And Symptoms Of Stress1339 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and Symptoms of Stress First off, what is stress and why is it such a burden to deal with? Stress is known to be a killer, too much stress can strain your health by: sleeping problems, digestive problems, heart disease, and many more. Stress is a normal physical response to events that make you feel or act threatened or upset with your words, feelings, and even body language. When you sense some sort of danger it could be real or imaginary the body s defenses kick into high gear so fastRead MoreA Brief Article On Stress Management1212 Words   |  5 PagesStress Management - How to Reduce, Prevent, and Cope With Stress By Prashant M Chauhan | Submitted On November 23, 2013 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Prashant M Chauhan It may seem thatRead MoreCommunity Service : A Prerequisite Or A Punishment?1253 Words   |  6 PagesNew York, refused to mandate the requirement of community service in his schools. â€Å"If you mandate it, you take out the voluntary part,† said Bierwirth in an interview with The New York Times. He is trying to say that obligating community service is taking away the student’s decision on whether to volunteer or not. The student will quickly go from wanting to do community service to needing to do it so they can graduate from high school. No kid wants to be held back a year just because they didn’t completeRead MoreApplying The Self Assessment Exercise848 Words   |  4 Pagesestablish a stress free life, one of the most important aspects one should pursue together is having a balanced healthy lifestyle. Paying attention to the level of changes in once life over a period of time requires a full attention and cooperation of the individual’s daily activi ty towards achieving this goal. As an individual , it is a priority to pay proper attention to my lifestyle by adopting a measuring scale that will help to determine my motivation ,emotion and the state of my stress level in

Starting Right Corporation free essay sample

The consideration must not be past. Re McArdle (1951) Ch 669 Majorie McArdle carried out certain improvements and repairs on a bungalow. The bungalow formed part of the estate of her husbands father who had died living the property to his wife for life and then on trust for Majories husband and his four siblings. After the work had been carried out the brothers and sisters signed a document stating in consideration of you carrying out the repairs we agree that the executors pay you ? 480 from the proceeds of sale. However, the payment was never made. Held: The promise to make payment came after the consideration had been performed therefore the promise to make payment was not binding. Past consideration is not valid. 2. The consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate. Lampleigh v Braithwaite [1615] EWHC KB J17 The defendant had killed a man and was due to be hung for murder. He asked the claimant to do everything in his power to obtain a pardon from the King. The claimant went to great efforts and managed to get the pardon requested. The defendant then promised to pay him ? 100 for his efforts but never paid up. Held:Whilst the promise to make payment came after the performance and was thus past consideration, the consideration was proceeded by a request from the defendant which meant the consideration was valid. The defendant was obliged to pay the claimant ? 100. 3. The consideration must move from the promisee. Tweddle v Atkinson [1861] EWHC QB J57 Queens Bench Division A couple were getting married. The father of the bride entered an agreement with the father of the groom that they would each pay the couple a sum of money. The father of the bride died without having paid. The father of the son also died so was unable to sue on the agreement. The groom made a claim against the executor of the will. Held:The claim failed: The groom was not party to the agreement and the consideration did not move from him. Therefore he was not entitled to enforce the contract. 4. An existing public duty will not amount to valid consideration. Collins v Godefrey (1831) 1 B amp; Ad 950 Kings Bench Division The claimant, Collins, had been subpoenaed to attend court as a witness in separate court case involving the defendant, Godefrey. Godefrey had sued his attorney for alpractice and Collins was required by the court to attend as an expert witness. In fact Collins never gave evidence but was required to be on standby for six days in case he was called. After the trial Collins gave Godefrey an invoice to cover his time spent at court and demanded payment by the next day. Without giving him the full day to pay, Collins commenced an action to enforce payment. Held: Collins wa s under a public duty to attend court due to the subpoena. Where there exists an existing public duty this can not be used as consideration for a new promise. Godefrey was not required to pay him. 5. An existing contractual duty will not amount to valid consideration. Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 Kings Bench Division The claimant was a seaman on a voyage from London to the Baltic and back. He was to be paid ? 5 per month. During the voyage two of the 12 crew deserted. The captain promised the remaining crew members that if they worked the ship undermanned as it was back to London he would divide the wages due to the deserters between them. The claimant agreed. The captain never made the extra payment promised. Held: The claimant was under an existing duty to work the ship back to London and undertook to submit to all the emergencies that entailed. Therefore he had not provided any consideration for the promise for extra money. Consequently he was entitled to nothing. Requirement of contract Consideration: Value given in return for a promise. However, a court will generally not inquire into whether or not a particular form of consideration is sufficient. So, if you decide to sell your house for $50, and after the deal is done, realize youve made a horrible mistake, you cant go to court and argue that the sale is invalid, because there was no consideration. The fact that $50 is an absurdly low price for any house is irrelevant, as long as you agreed to the sale freely. The requirement for consideration is why you will sometimes hear of very expensive items being sold for very small amounts of money, such as a house or car being sold for $1. These transactions are essentially gifts, but the token consideration is there to ensure that the agreement is legally binding, in case the donor tries to back out. By making the agreement legally binding, the donor shows good faith. However, if there is a breach of a promise supported by consideration, the victim of the breach has suffered a loss, especially if they have already performed their end of the agreement, and are now getting nothing in return. Offer and acceptance An offer is an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it is addressed, the offeree [G. H. Tretel, The Law of Contract, 10th edn, p. 8]. The expression referred to in the definition may take different forms, such as a letter, newspaper, fax, email and even conduct, as long as it it communicates the basis on which the offeror is prepared to contract. An invitation to treat is not an offer, but an indication of a persons willingness to negotiate a contract. In Harvey v Facey, an indication by the owner of property that he or she might be interested in selling at a certain price, for example, has been regarded as an invitation to treat. The courts have tended to take a consistent approach to the identification of invitiations to treat, as compared with offer and acceptance, in common transacions. The display of goods for sale, whether in a shop window or on the shelves of a self-service store, is ordinarily treated as an invitation to treat and not an offer. The holding of a public auction will also usually be regarded as an invitation to treat. Postal acceptance rule As a rule of convenience, if the offer is accepted by post, the contract comes into existence at the moment that the acceptance was posted. This rule only applies when, impliedly or explicitly, the parties have in contemplation post as a means of acceptance. It excludes contracts involving land, letters incorrectly addressed and instantaneous modes of communication. 0ffer an offer made in response to a previous offer by the other party during negotiations for a final contract. Making a counter offer automatically rejects the prior offer, and requires an acceptance under the terms of the counter offer or there is no contract. Example: Susan Seller offers to sell her house for $150,000, to be paid in 60 days; Bruce Buyer receives the offer and gives Seller a counter offer of $140,000, payable in 45 days. terminate and discharge of contract (frustraction) Discharge of a valid contract involves the process under which the primary (performance) obligations come to an end. Discharge by breach will generally give rise to secondary obligations to pay damages. Discharge by performance will not give rise to secondary obligations, as the contract will have been successfully completed. Discharge by frustration does not give rise to secondary obligations but rights to restitution under statute. Discharge of a valid contract should be distinguished from termination of an invalid contract, as with Mistake amp; Restraint of Trade where the agreement is deemed to be void. In such instances no obligations can be aid to have existed whereas in the case of a valid contract the primary obligations cease but the contract may remain in existence and give rise to the secondary obligations to pay damages.