Calorimeter Process

1. IntroductionThe study as a survey for nozzle operated under force per unit area difference from 0.1 to 10 bars. Under this specification the study discuss the following point.The factor impacting on the nozzle efficiencyApplication in natural gasConsequence of nozzle efficiency on the quality of burning and how the quality of burning could be enhanced1.1. DefinitionThe nose defined as: device puting in the flow way to accomplish alteration in force per unit area, temperature and the speed besides it can specify as an mechanical device designed to accomplish commanding procedure on the way or feature of the fuel flow as it exits or entry it can take the form of an closed chamber or pipe via an opening. Mention: http//www.Engineeringtoolbox.com 1- Pressure We con notice that when the fluids flow through the nose as the force per unit area increased the discharge rate besides increased and all other factor remains changeless. The relationship between the force per unit area and discharge from a nozzle issue is A cardinal equation. The theoretical discharge from any nose Given by the following relation. Flow rate = CA ( 2gh ) 5 C Means the dimensionless coefficient for the peculiar nose in inquiry. A Means the country of the nozzle opening. h- Means the force per unit area caput applied to the nose. G Means the acceleration of gravitation. As the force per unit area acts in the nozzle issue it straight affect to the watercourse of fuel.let us compare in the below figure between the gas watercourse with different force per unit area.1- Differential force per unit area flow metresIn instance of the differential force per unit area bead this device used to cipher the flow by mensurating the force per unit area bead over an obstructor inserted in the flow. The chief thought of the differential force per unit area flow metre is based on the Bernoulli equation. These achieved by mensurating force per unit area bead signal as map of square flow velocity. p1 + 1/2? v12 = p2 + 1/2? v22 The most common types of differential force per unit area flow metres are a- Orifice home base With the utilizing of the opening home base, the fluid flow is measured through the difference in force per unit area from the upstream side to the downstream side. As demoing in figure 1: this procedure used in instance when dont needs for high truth. b- Venturi tubing Its best used in our instance because this setup used in instance of low force per unit area bead between the recess and the mercantile establishment of nose. In the Venturi tubing application the flow rate is measured by cut downing the cross subdivision flow country in the way of the fluid flow After the constricted country, the fluid passes through the force per unit area recovery subdivision. When up to 80 % of the differential force per unit area generated at the constricted country, is recovered with proper instrument and flow calibrating. The venture tubing flow can be less to about 10 per centum of its full graduated table scope with proper truth. c- Flow nose The flow nose are frequently used as measuring elements for gas flow application When the gas accelerated through the nose, the speed addition and the force per unit area so the gas denseness decreased and the maximal speed done in the pharynx subdivision. – Recovery of force per unit area bead in openings, noses and venture metres After the force per unit area difference has been generated in the differential flow metre. The fluid passing during the force per unit area recovery subdivision. By agencies where the differential force per unit area generated at the constricted country is partially recovered2- Variable country flow metreThe rotameter composed of an vertically glass tubing with big terminal in the top subdivision of the chief organic structure of the rotameter and metering float which it free move. when the fluid flow causes the float rise in the tubing and use the relation of I† P = H * g * P Where I† P =pressure difference between recess and mercantile establishment H = float entering P = fluid denseness 3- Velocity flowmeters In this procedure the flow calculated by mensurating the velocity and cipher the force per unit area difference from the following relation p1 p2 = 1/2 P ( v22- P v12 ) 4- Pitot tubings The Pitot tubing are one the most used in air flow measuring. The chief thought for its operation is in step the fluid speed by change overing the kinetic energy to possible energy. 5- Calorimetric flowmeter This device rule for fluid flow measuring is based on two temperature detectors in close contact with the fluid but thermic insulated from each other. one of the two detectors is contactly heated so there are temperature difference between the measuring of the two detectors. 5-turbine flowmeter 6-vortex flowmeter 7-electromagnetic flowmeter 8-ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter 9-positive supplanting flowmeter 10-mass flowmeters 11-thermal flowmeter 12-open channel flowmeterCalorimetric operation theoryThe chief thought for the operation theory of the calorimetric flowmeter based on measurings for the temperature before and after the nose by utilizing two detector and change overing this difference to signal translated by the use of the gage indexs. When the fluid flow start go throughing into the nose the heat energy is drawn from the heated detector and the temperature difference is straight relative to the fluid flow rate through the noseAdvantages and disadvantages of calorimetric flowmeterAdvantages Disadvantages 1-high truth at minimal flow rate 1-costs 2- In general lower thermic conduction require higher speed for proper measuring. 2-appear cavitations in high velocity 3-easy in its operation procedure 3-normally operates at low scope 4-High repeatability 4-low noisy factor 5- high dynamic response 6-high sensitiveness 7-small dimension ( portable )Lab applicationCalorimetric provides two types of informations. The first type is measuring of the heat capacities. This leads to values of the standard information St, the heat content ( or heat content ) HT- HS. And the heat contents and the informations of rapid stage alterations ( merger, vaporisation, polymorphism ) of a individual stuff. the 2nd type of measuring of heats of chemical reaction ( formation from the elements or the oxides, comparatively stableness of viing stage gatherings, blending in solid and liquids solutions ) either by direct reaction or through a thermchemical rhythm such as is involved. Second application for the nose in the calorimeter is to spray the natural gas to fire it inside the burning chamber. The following figure show illustration for burner noses.1-Fuel belongingss and the effects of spraysOur fuel used in the calorimeter is the natural gas which takes the name of isooctane ( C2H6 ) and it has the following microstructureTemperatureThe temperature difference between the recess and the mercantile establishment of the nose besides impacting on the nozzle public presentation this achieved by when the temperature increased this straight set uping on the fuel belongingss specially in its viscousness so in the crude oil applications for the high viscousness sometimes used heating procedure for the fuel before way through the nose.Surface TensionThe Surface tenseness in natural is the inclination of the surface of the liquid to undertaking with the smallest possible country. The consequence is usually similar to the tegument environing the organic structure of t he liquid and drawing it into the form, which will hold the least sum of the surface country. That form is spherical form. Surface tensenessNatural of flowThe natural of fluid flow through the nozzle consequence on its public presentation.for illustration in instance of laminar flow the public presentation of the nose will be better than in instance of turbulent flow. In instance of found a caput it besides affect in the nozzle public presentation.Cleaning NozzlesIn instance of utilizing fluids incorporating slatterns and other dusts it concentrated in the chief organic structure of the nose which affect on the nozzle way that cut down the flow rate through the nose which affect on its public presentation.– Spray FormsThe Nozzles used for oil burners are provided in two different general types of spray forms, excavate cone and solid cone. These are illustrated in the below Figure. It will be noted in these illustrations that the hollow cone is a spray in which the concentration of droplets is at the outer border of the spray with small or no fuel in the centre of the spray versus the other type of sprays which leads to an failing in the public presentation of the nose.Performance bettermentThe efficiency of the nozzle depending on several factors it concentrated onType of sprayer and nose of designThe per centum of air to fuel ratioSpark me thod from warmers to utilize the flicker ignition engineering.Percentage of C on the fuelSo in the following subdivision we discuss these factors which it can impact on the nozzle public presentation 1- Flammability ( firing start ) The classical method for illuming the calorimeter is fiting it is non efficient so that we improve the nozzle public presentation from this side by utilizing the flicker ignition engineering. This flicker ignition working depending on supplying it with fixed electromotive force from battery to be able acquire the initial flicker to get down the combustion procedure * The flicker ignition which get the initial flicker to the instrument acquire its power connected by wire ( 3mm ) which connected besides to battery with 12 Vs.2- Fuel to air ratioIn the theory of the stoichiometric mixture has merely plenty air to wholly fire burn the available fuel. In natural this is ne'er rather achieved, due chiefly to the really short clip available in the internal burning chamber for each burning rhythm. Most of this burning procedure completes in about 4-5 msecs. This is the clip that elapses from when the flicker is fired until the combustion procedure completed. The Air fuel ratio is the most common mention term used for mixtures in internal burning engines It is the ratio between the mass of air and the mass of fuel in the fuel-air mix at any given minute For pure natural gas the stoichiometric mixture is about 14.7:1 or? of 1.00 precisely 3-to make a window from the top to see the fire from inside alternatively of opening the system each clip. We must utilize material Cleary to see out from it and work under force per unit area 10 saloon { m C_2H_6 } + frac { 7 } { 2 } { m O_2 } ightarrow 2 { m CO_2 } + 3 { m H_2O } Equivalent ratio The equality ratio of a system is defined as the ratio of the fuel-to-oxidizer ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-to-oxidizer ratio. Mathematically phi = frac { mbox { fuel-to-oxidizer ratio } } { ( mbox { fuel-to-oxidizer ratio } ) _ { st } } = frac { m_ { fuel } /m_ { ox } } { ( m_ { fuel } /m_ { ox } ) _ { st } } = frac { n_ { fuel } /n_ { ox } } { ( n_ { fuel } /n_ { ox } ) _ { st } } 4-carbon per centum in the fuel Natural gas is an highly of import beginning of energy for cut downing pollution and keeping a clean and healthy environment. In add-on to being a domestically abundant and unafraid beginning of energy, the usage of natural gas besides offers a figure of environmental benefits over other beginnings of energy, peculiarly other fossil fuels. This subdivision will discourse the environmental effects of natural gas, in footings of emanations every bit good as the environmental impact of the natural gas industry itself. Scroll down, or chink on the links below to be transported in front.DecisionThe study is an probe to depict the calorimeter procedure and the system operation with the nozzle public presentation and the method to better its public presentation. So the chief aims from the study are To understand the basic rule of calorimeter and its necessity in technology to look into different types of calorimeters. The advantages and disadvantages utilizing these calorimeters in the technology lab environment.Mentions1- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pro-techsolutionsltd.com/PDF/flownozzle.pdf 2- www.EngineeringToolBox.com 3- www.flowmeterdirectory.co.uk/flowmeter_calorimetric.html 4- www.webersensorsinc.com/glossary.html 5- S. Sosin, C. Moldovan, R. Iosub ; Designing and fabrication of a calorimetric micro-sensor for methane sensing, CAS International Semiconductor Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, 2004, pp. 381 384. 6- www.bioline.org.br/pdf? se08021 7-R. Mohan Kumar, R. Muraliddharan, D. Rajan Babu, K. V. Rajendiran, R. Jayavel, D. Jayaraman, and P.Ramasamy, J. Cryst. Growth 229, 568 ( 2001 ) . 8-K. Meera, R. Muralidharan, R. Jeyavel, and P. Ramasamy, J. Cryst. Growth 263, 510 ( 2004 ) .

Much Ado About Nothing †Benedick and Beatrice Essay

Benedick and Beatrice have close connections in the play, Benedick is portrayed to be a staunch bachelor, whereas Beatrice a combative character, also ironically, due to this being set in the Renaissance era, outspoken. Benedick is seen as very misogynistic. Benedick is portrayed as a misogynistic character to the audience; this is presented on multiple occasions. Benedick inquires if Claudio would, â€Å"Buy† Hero. The verb â€Å"Buy† suggests that women were seen as objects in the Renaissance era. Claudio responds to Benedick, â€Å"Can the world buy such a jewel?† Benedick’s response also backs up the point that women were seen to be commodities in his view as he declares you can indeed buy her, â€Å"and a case to put [her] it in†. The noun â€Å"case† shows us that Benedick’s views are presented to the audience about his misogynistic sentiment. Benedick states that all women shall, â€Å"Pardon† him. He will do himself, â€Å"the right to trust none† explaining that he doesn’t trust women. Beatrice is presented to the audience as being a very witty character, this is shown at the ‘masked ball’ where Beatrice pretends she doesn’t realise that the man in the mask is Benedick. Beatrice’s crude comments towards Benedick such as he is the, â€Å"Prince’s jester, a very dull fool†, Incorporating a sardonic tone in order to incorporate excess agony for Benedick. Benedick is presented as a character that staunchly defends his decision to remain single, claiming he â€Å"will live a bachelor† forever. We can tell from the modal verb ‘will’ that he is in attempt to avoid women at all costs. Benedick’s explanation of a perfect women being, â€Å"fair†¦virtuous†¦ rich†¦ mild† is impossibly perfect, presenting him as not wanting a wife due to the fact there was no women with all these attributes in the Renaissance era therefore his status as a single man, a bachelor would remain unchallenged. Beatrice is presented as a combative and outspoken character; this is shown immediately at the beginning of the play where Beatrice challenges Benedick to an intellectual battle of wits. Beatrice inquires why Benedick is â€Å"still talking†, when â€Å"nobody marks [him] you. The pronoun ‘nobody’ reinforces her low regard for him however still ironically reveals that she is the only person still interested in what he is saying. This shows Beatrice is uncharacteristic of the Renaissance paradigm of virtue in a woman, also challenging men. In conclusion we can see the feelings regarding Beatrice and Benedick, and that they are portrayed towards the audience as argue mental towards each other. There conflicts may have a hidden meaning†¦ such as when Beatrice was the only one interested in what Benedick was saying after she referred to no one being interested. Benedick is presented to the audience as being misogynistic and a staunch bachelor however he may have deeper affections for Beatrice. Beatrice is presented to the audience as being witty, combative and outspoken however her combative attempts are to do with her inner affection for Benedick.

Object Relations Case Formulation

1. Identifying details Name: Katrina Katryn Age: 20 Gender: Female Marital status: Single Dependents: N/A Highest level of education: Matric Present occupation: Student (Psychology 1st year) Reason for referral: Self exploration, dealing with the past, improving interpersonal experiences. Referral source: Self-referred 2. Presenting problem She experiences considerable anxiety in interpersonal situations. In addition she has feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness and hopelessness. These difficulties lead to academic concerns and relational problems in her current situation.Her self-esteem is extremely low and she expressed that she hates doubting herself constantly. 3. History of presenting problem. She was sexually abused when she was between 6 and 9 years old. The rest of the time she was emotionally and physically abused. She has always felt inferior and had low self-esteem as long as she can remember. She was diagnosed with depression at age 15 and was put on medication. She canno t remember the name of the anti-depressants and did not remember the exact diagnoses. The feelings of hopelessness and her academic problems has started relatively recently according to her. 4.Past illnesses Psychiatric Mood disorder (She cannot remember the exact diagnoses. ) Medical Nothing significant Anti-depressants (unknown) Adaptive features and Strengths She is intelligent and ambitious. She has shown courage in confronting her father about the abuse and her decision to mend their relationship show courage. She seems to have insight into her difficulties and the processes that keep them alive. She seems to be willing to change and to explore these difficulties in depth. The fact that she removed herself from her deleterious environment in adolescences is indicative of her self-preservative abilities.She is currently in therapy on a self-referral which again points out these abilities. She has taken responsibility of protecting her siblings in the past and the present which i ndicate her compassion for others. She seems to trust me and it is likely that we will form a therapeutic alliance. 5. Personal history I. Birth and early development As far as Katrinais concerned she was a wanted and welcomed baby although the pregnancy was not planned. The pregnancy was normal at 40 weeks without any complications. She did not experience any serious illnesses and was not involved in any accidents.She reached all her developmental milestones within the average intervals. This thus indicates a normal developmental trajectory throughout infancy. Katrina’s socio-emotional history was significantly compromised by physical, emotional and sexual abuse. She had an extremely wounding relationship with her father who mistreated her and then after the mistreatment behaved alluring towards her. She mentioned this several times during most of our sessions. She also had an ambivalent relationship with her mother during this time.Her mother would at times be very loving, caring and supportive, yet at other times ignore her cries for help and her need for her affection. She did not enjoy any close knit friendships and it seems that the only person she shared a healthy relationship with was her grandmother. This relationship however was constantly under attack from her parents. She described herself as an obedient and shy girl who felt lonely and different. II. Childhood During her childhood Katrina lived in a very traumatic family situation full of psychological, sexual and physical abuse.She mentioned that everything from her childhood was connected to a bitter feeling. She lived with her mother, father and younger sister. Her father was unhappy, aggressive, insecure, but in her childhood she experienced him as a powerful and great authority. Her father was sexually abused as a child. He was very strict and required discipline from his two children, especially from Katrina. He set strict rules and if these were broken, he beat Katrina. If she oppose d him and objected to what he said, he hit her. When she was seven years old she was sexually molested by him on a regular basis.This continued until she was 9 years old and then her father stopped the sexual abuse. The emotional and physical abuse nevertheless continued throughout her childhood until she emancipated herself from her parents. Katrina’s socio-emotional history was significantly compromised by physical, emotional and sexual abuse and by the response of her mother during this time. On the one hand her mother was a warmer person than her father but she was subordinated to Katrina's father. Her mother's attitude towards her was very variable.Sometimes she was kind and interested in her, yet in cases when she did not like something she scolded, even hit her, which Katrina understood as the end of their relationship and love. But when her mother showed her compassion again, Katrina immediately forgave her. Her mother would at times be very loving, caring and support ive, yet at other times ignore her cries for help and her need for her affection. She did not enjoy any close knit friendships and it seems that the only person she shared a healthy relationship with was her grandmother.This relationship however was constantly under attack from her parents. She described herself as an obedient and shy girl who felt lonely and different. Katrina's parents often quarrelled with each other, although father was less often physically aggressive towards the mother than towards Katrina. Katrina blamed herself for being the cause of disagreements, e. g. when she wanted something, parents quarrelled, because her father prohibited it while her mother allowed. So Katrina preferred to suppress her wishes and remained quiet to avoid quarrels.According to her conclusion there would be peace at home if she was a good girl. Even at her young age, Katrina had to assume responsibility for her younger sister. She was like her shadow and prevented her (Katrina) from re laxing completely. As mentioned earlier, Katrina’s only solace in her childhood years was her maternal grandmother. According to Katrina she was the only person she felt completely safe with. When Katrina was 9 the sexual abuse from her father stopped, Katrina told her grandmother about it and the father admitted to it and entered rehabilitation.Her mother nevertheless stayed married to him for the meanwhile and Katrina was expected to share a life with him despite the abuses he committed against her. She expressed the wished to stay with her grandmother, who at that time stayed quite close to them. It was however her mother and father’s (I suspect her father’s) decision to move away. Katrina remembered feeling like her world fell into pieces when this event occurred. Katrina and her younger sister were informed that another sister is on the way during this time.Katrina remembered that she was a shy little girl who found it difficult to make new friends. She rem embered how difficult the move was for her leaving her friends and grandmother behind. III. Adolescence A stated previously although the sexual abused stopped her father continuously physically abused her until the age of 16 until she emancipated herself and went to live with her grandmother. Katrina explained that this was done despite protests from her mother and father. She went to visit her grandmother one holiday and never returned home.She felt extremely guilty leaving her 2 sisters behind but felt that this was the only way she could fled from the abuse of her father. She is not sure whether or not her father had abused her little sisters sexually but stated that he never physically abused them. Her parents divorced after this and her mother moved to Botswana where she still lives today. Katrina stayed with her Grandmother until she finished school. She did however not speak about her grandmother a lot in our sessions and only mentioned a few superficial accounts. She express ed that she was ordinary in high school and could not remember anything that stands out.She did however comment on the fact that she had a couple of boyfriends she referred to as â€Å"dominating idiots which she could not leave at will although she hated the relationships. She did have 1 or two close friendships. Her father remarried and Katrina has an ambivalent relationship with her stepmom who she describes as manipulating, controlling and mean. IV. Family data Katrina is the first born daughter of her biological parent’s first marriage. She has two younger sisters, X who is 16 and Y who is 13. Her parents divorced when she was a teenager. Her father remarried and has two boys with her stepmom.Her mother and biological sisters stays in Botswana. Katrina sees them at least twice a month when she and her boyfriend go to visit them. Her mother had a boyfriend but they broke up recently when she was in therapy with me. V. Cultural features Katrina is a 20 year old Caucasian woman of the Christian religion. She is English speaking. VI. Social condition She is currently staying in the residence at the University she studies. She seems well looked after. She comes from a typical suburban middleclass background. She is dating a 20 year old guy, who I met.Other than this she has not mentioned other friends. It seems that her boyfriend and her family is her only support system at the moment. 6. Personality Katrina is somewhat introverted and extremely dependent. She seems to be submissive and self-criticizing. She is shy, withdrawn and apologetic. Although she at times seemed optimistic it was clear that this is a mask for her underlying pessimism and distrust in people in general. 7. Mental status examination Katrina was orientated to time space and place. She did not exhibit delusions, hallucinations or cognitive disturbances.She was dressed in line with the latest trends. Her appearance did not seem extravagant yet it was nevertheless neat. Her affect was a bit blunted initially and she did seem a little blocked off. This however changed throughout our sessions. 8. Diagnosis Axis I. Major depressive disorder, Recurrent, Moderate Axis II. Dependent Personality Disorder Axis III. None Axis IV: Problems with primary support group (victim of physical and emotional abuse in childhood; Disruption of family due to parents' divorce). Problems related to the social environment (inadequate social support).Axis V GAF: 55 :Moderate symptoms and moderate difficulty in social and occupational functioning. Comments: At termination GAF = 80 Good improvements in self-evaluation, self-esteem and assertiveness. Good reality testing and a sense of independence in her relationship with her father. 9. Prognosis Currently it seems that Katrina has dealt with a large part of her experience with the sexual abuse. She has gained some insight on the reasons she is overly dependent on people to make decisions for her and why she feels like she will lose relati onships or love when she assert herself in interpersonal situations.Although she will benefit to long term therapy I feel that we have dealt with key aspects in our 7 months together. 10. Case formulation The so called schizoid ego splitting can be noticed in Katrina. In her early relationships Katrina did not have safe attachments. She lived through mistreatment and lack of support, the consequence of which is that children hide their feelings and relational needs. This stops or slows down the process of integration and the ego gets fragmented (Klein, 1987, in Little, 2001).This gives rise to the first degree of a split or withdrawal as described by Fairbairn (1952, in Little, 2001), where the ego splits into coping/every day self (central ego), which maintains the relation with the outer world, and the withdrawn/vulnerable self (libidinal ego), which hides itself. At an early stage of development Katrina could not display some parts of herself, like feelings of vulnerability, ange r, playfulness, her own interests, the part connected with relaxation and enjoyment, because for all these she was punished with physical violence and emotional rejection.She most probably hid and suppressed this part of herself and thus the withdrawn/vulnerable self-formed. Outwardly Katrina showed her coping/every day self, which listened to the parents, was good at school and at home, who did not object and had no interests of her own, while being active all the time. During the psychotherapy Katrina mentioned several times that she did not know at all who she was, that she did not know herself and that in interpersonal situations that provoked any form of anxiety she felt like she was falling to bits.She described herself as an abused person and that that is all she is and nothing else. This might be because till then she mostly defined herself through others and through those specific experiences. This particularly describes the process of splitting into both previously mention ed selves, where the authentic self (vulnerable self) hid, while Katrina identified herself with the coping/every day self, which was more social self and represented her adjustments to the wishes of other people around her, like her mother and father. Simultaneously the splitting of external objects, i. . people who were important for her, occurred. The coping/every day self has to maintain a connection with important objects, otherwise the child could not survive on his/her own. This gives the child a sense of security (Little, 2001), which represents a very important need for Katrina, as will be further described in the following section. For Katrina to be able to keep a tolerably good connection with her mother, she had to separate bad experiences and internalize them, which suppressed her withdrawn/vulnerable self even more.In this way the coping/every day self is connected with the idealized object (Little, 2001), which also holds true in Katrina's case. At the beginning of ps ychotherapy Katrina strongly idealized her mother; she spoke only of good experiences with her, not remembering unlikable experiences, since these were split off. Only with on-going therapy was she gradually able to integrate these experiences. She was also very loyal to her mother, defending her all the time, not being angry with her, which all shows a strong tie between the coping self and the idealized object.An example of this the following : Katrina has received various complaints from her sisters and has experienced it for herself that her mother has sex with her boyfriend in the house where everybody in the house can hear everything. According to Katrina these events are quite explicit and make everyone extremely anxious and uncomfortable. She however defended her mother by saying that her mother deserves the happiness and pleasure and that Katrina wants her mother to be happy. â€Å"We can look past this because my mom deserves to be happy†. On the other hand Katrina had isagreeable memories of her father from the very beginning. She mainly blamed him for her ugly childhood, so that Katrina probably formed a split also between both parents (father thus representing the bad object, and mother the good one). Th e vulnerable self is in relation to the exciting/disappointing object (Little, 2001) and this represents the developmentally needed relationship between her mother and Katrina. Their relationship was very variable, i. e. her mother was warm and kind to Katrina some of the time. Katrina hoped that mother would satisfy her needs, but was later disappointed and rejected by her.I n my judgment Katrina's mother had great difficulties in getting attuned to Katrina. This resulted in the exciting/disappointing object to be experienced as painful and dangerous by Katrina, which meant that she suppressed this aspect into her unconscious as the disappointment. The withdrawn self, splits further to create the internal saboteur (Fairbairn, 1952, in Litt le, 2001), which serves to keep the vulnerable self, hidden and repressed. The saboteur's function is to precede criticism of other important persons and thus regulates a child's behaviour (Erskine, 2007).It is that is to say easier to bear inner criticism than criticism by important other persons, because this would signify an end of a vital relationship. Katrina on several occasions mentioned that she was afraid to speak her mind in her significant relational circumstances because she feared that it would mean the end of that relationship. It is also too painful to incessantly repeat disappointments due to unmet needs; therefore the inner saboteur blocks these needs and even denies their existence. In Katrina the inner saboteur (anti-libidinal ego) formed, manifesting itself in Katrina's excessive self-criticism.As early as primary school she criticised herself for her looks, clothes and shoes, her behaviour and her inferior abilities, and she worried that other children might not like her. Through her inner saboteur Katrina constantly controlled herself, her vulnerable self, e. g. , she forced herself to be strong, not to show emotions and to be well-behaved. She kept convincing herself that she didn't lack anything. Therefore Katrina created an inner saboteur to be able to survive with a violent father and aloof mother.The inner saboteur is in relation with the rejecting/attacking object, which attacks the vulnerable self so that the latter would remain suppressed (Little, 2001). Rejecting/attacking object in Katrina was formed by aggressive reactions of her mother and father, the violence (physical, sexual and emotional blackmail), daily criticism, humiliations etc. This part contains numerous contents, so the inner saboteur is very powerful. In my judgement then her dependent personality developed as a result of the above dynamics and within her early relational experiences described above.Her dependent tendency creates significant anxiety and difficulty in her current relations with people, especially in her relationship with her father from which she cannot separate completely. 11. Management plans The first few sessions were focussed on normalizing her feelings of ambivalence in relationships and her over dependence on other people’s decisions. I also highlighted her strengths for her in our early session. For instance the fact that she took the initiative to emancipate her from her parents at age 16 and that she entered counselling out of her own accord showed resilience and strength and would be useful in our sessions.Key aspects to work on and therapeutic goals (a) Help Katrina to talk about the abuse; (b) validate the Katrina's experience and feelings; (d) help to correct misperceptions of blame and responsibility for the abuse; (e) encourage Katrina to formulate and reach goals for personal coping and healing The first phase focused on stabilization and mastery: building the therapeutic relationship; reduction and co ntainment of stress-related symptoms; establishing safety; and coping with current life problems. The second phase we dealt with integration of traumatic memories.The final phase was concerned with self-development, relational development, and adaptation to daily life. PHASE 1: THE THERAPEUTIC ALLIANCE Katrina was hesitant about returning to counselling. She was sceptical about her safety in a therapeutic environment as a result of her previous experience in therapy. I was aware that Katrina had been dealing well with the impact of the sexual abuse, but her adult desire for stable relationships and being able to assert herself in these relationships called for therapy from a mature perspective.I worked to establish positive rapport. Employing a person-centred approach throughout the first few sessions established a safe environment. Katrina chose the topics for the initial sessions. I used open-ended questions to avoid leading her, and helped her determine which difficulties were of primary importance. Treatment had to deal with both the underlying history of trauma and the current symptoms. Once rapport was firmly established, Katrina felt she was safe and her feelings were understood. PHASE 2: ADDRESSING PAST TRAUMA SYMPTOMSExamples of associated problems that need to be understood within a diagnostic and treatment approach for childhood abuse are a pattern of disrupted development, loss of self-sustaining identity. In this phase we explored her ambivalent feelings toward her parents and her ambivalent self-concept or self-experience. We also explored ways she has come to understand her childhood abuse. I was aware of transference and my own counter transference in our sessions. I interpreted the transference for her and we worked on integrating her identity.For example she felt like an abused person and it was so strongly related to her self-concept that it took over her life. We worked on redefining herself as someone who just happened to be the victim of abuse. Example of countertransference: I had a feeling that I wanted to give Katrina advice and wanted to give her solutions. I also had the feeling like I have to protect her in some way. I tried to meet Katrina’s need for security by setting clear limits of therapy, by concluding a therapeutic agreement with her, by informing her of the characteristics of the therapy and by telling her that there are no right and wrong answers.I accepted her in her wholeness, including her depressive, gloomier part and her history of abuse. I did not denounce her when she thought I would. All this contributed to creation of a sense of safety in the therapy; she felt that she could show herself such as she was, without causing my respect towards her to diminish or without my criticizing or rejecting her. All this helped her to be less reluctant to continue with psychotherapy. During that phase of therapy Katrina gradually expressed her anger better, particularly in her relation to father.It was a great achievement also that she expressed anger to her mother to whom she previously never set limits. Katrina found out that each expression of anger does not necessarily provoke conflict, violence and termination of a relationship. Katrina still finds it hard to experience anger with parents, as feelings of guilt and self-blame appear. What follows are examples of our sessions: Session 6 Katrina surprised me by bringing her boyfriend with into our session. It was noteworthy as the supposed reason for our sessions has nothing to do with him.She did not involve him in the session and he was more like an observer. I commented on his presence and asked if he will join us each time. They both said no. This is something I would like to explore further in our future sessions. We explored strategies to deal with her insecurity in interpersonal situations. I asked her to name 5 rules she lives by relating to her relations with people. Most of them seemed to point to a certain notion that there is condition upon if other people would accept her contributions to any interaction.She does this in our sessions as well, for example: she would say something like the following: I want to ask you something but I am afraid that you would think I am crazy and stupid for asking it. I know it’s not the right thing for me to be thinking of and I am afraid you will think less of me. I asked her to think of other relationships in which she engages with this thinking in. She identified that this is why she came for counselling. That she feels that if she is not perfect and always the way other people would like her to be they (everyone) would not accept her.She went as far that she fears that people would totally reject her and banish her from their lives permanently. I ended the session by giving her homework. She had to identify some of her rules that she feels is operating in her relationships with others. I then asked her to write them down and next to each one write down an alternative to this rule one that is in essence contradictory. . Session 7 We discussed her homework and I commented on her resourcefulness in coming up with good alternatives. It made her feel empowered. I thought to try and relate what we have discussed in our previous session to her bringing her boyfriend to therapy.I asked Katrina on the incidence of bringing her boyfriend with. She said that she felt safer when he is around. I hypothesised that our previous session made her feel vulnerable as we explored where her interpersonal mistrust and anxiety could’ve emerged and she related this to her relationships with both her parents. I asked if that she felt exposing these quite personal details at me she felt that I would reject her and related it to the rules that we discussed in session 4. It was in this session that she cried and really showed strong emotion when she spoke about her father and even more so her mother.A definite area to explore more!!!!! PHASE 3: Self-development, relational development, and adaptation to daily life. Session 6 Having not seen each other for over a month as a result of exams and the holiday and we did some catching up. She said that she felt better and feels that she can handle the interpersonal insecurities she felt better. In session 4 we spoke about being aware when these feelings, which we agreed to, call uncertainty, emerges. Then immediately challenging them with something like there are no conditions of people’s acceptance of me. They will accept me and my decisions and contributions for who I am and for what it is.She asked my advice on a decision she had to make after a disagreement with her father over the weekend about her 21st birthday party. I asked her if it would make a difference if I told her what to do. We went back and forth on this and I asked her if it is important for her for me to think that she is making the right decision. She said that she thinks that I am â€Å"clever† and educated and that if I agree with her she would know it is the right decision. I asked her if she always feel the necessity to check in with other people before she makes decisions.She said that she always feels uncertain, especially when it comes to her father as he is manipulating and knows how to make her feel guilty about her decisions. She said that this has always been the case. I told her that my advice would be irrelevant and asked her to give me the options and the outcomes of decisions regarding this situation. This opened up a space in which we could discuss her relationship with her father and her story about this relationship in depth. She told a story of her father being a loving and caring father if she was exactly the way he wanted her to be and did what he expected of her.If she disagreed with him he would tell her that she has to choose between his view points or she could pack her stuff and leave his home. This is still the case and it is a huge fear of Katri na that when she shows any disagreement with her father’s wishes he would completely reject her and shut her out of his life permanently. I asked her the following questions to confirm my hypothesis that she might fit into the dependent personality diagnosis. †¢Some people enjoy making decisions. Others prefer to have someone they trust guide them. Which do you prefer? Her response : I would prefer someone guiding me. Do you seek advice for everyday decisions? Her response : Always †¢Do you find yourself in situations where other people have made decisions about important areas in your life, e. g. what to wear, where to go out to, what to study ect.? Her response : All the time. †¢Is it hard for you to express a different opinion with someone you are close to? What do you think might happen if you did? Her response. Our relationship will end†¦. Ummm well maybe not end but they will leave me and I’ll have to beg them to stay. †¢Do you often pret end to agree with others even if you do not? Why?Do you think it could get you into trouble if you disagree? I always agree, especially with my mom and dad. I don’t want them to leave me because they think I am a rebel or something. †¢Do you often need help to get started on a project? No †¢Do you ever volunteer to do unpleasant things for others so they will take care of you when you need it? If I think about it I have done it often in the past. †¢Are you uncomfortable when you are alone? Are you afraid you will not be able to take care of yourself? I have to be around at least one other person. I am terrified of being alone. Have you found that you are desperate to get into another relationship right away when a close relationship ends? Even if the new relationship might not be the best person for you? I had boyfriends who abused me, just like my father did but I stayed with them for a long time. I have never been single not once since high school, since I st arted dating no matter how bad the relationship was before the new one I always quickly found a new boyfriend. The one that I have now is the best thing that ever happened to me. †¢Do you worry about important people in your life leaving you?I am very anxious that they will especially my boyfriend, my father and my mother After these sessions we began to set real life goals like for example. Asking her dad for coffee in a public place and talking to him about what concerns her. She was very scared to do this but she did it and disconfirmed her beliefs regarding him leaving her if she speaks her mind. He actually embraced it and their relationship has become more realistic and reciprocal. He now phones her and she could decide what she wanted to do with her 21st birth day party something he had took over from her.She has also confronted her mother about her concerns about the example her mother sets for her sisters when her boyfriend stays over and they get, well a little loud i n the bedroom. She spoke to her lecturers regarding her bad marks and attempted to rectify her poor academic performance. Although she still fails the subject she feels good about trying to do something about it and having the courage to face the lecturer. We discussed termination and I suggested that we see each other on a bi-weekly basis. I did not want her to become dependent on me and on the therapy.She then suggested that we terminate in our next session as she felt â€Å"ready to take on her responsibilities and face the music†. I suggested that we see each other for two more sessions just to reflect back on our journey and top identify the resources she is now able to utilise. 12. Issues for discussion Did I follow a suitable therapy journey with her. References Erskine, R. G. (2007). Unconscious process, transference and therapeutic awareness. Workshop on Institute IPSA. Ljubljana, Slovenia. Little, R. (2001). Schizoid Processes: Working with the defences of the withd rawn child ego state. Transactional Analysis Journal, 31 (1), 33-43.

Community Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Community Assessment - Research Paper Example v. Health Promotional activities undertaken in recent months vi. Whether the quality of health services is good vii. What are the major health problems viii. How many care takers are employed in the township ix. What is the level of depression x. How often the family members visit Senior Citizens xi. Whether the residents are emotionally happy xii. Which are the activities undertaken to keep them physically and emotionally happy 2. Nutritional Metabolic Pattern : (Survey dated 04.09.2007) The aim of this study was to find characteristic differences between nutritional habits of elderly people living in South Towne Ranch Retirement living . Method: 266 elderly people (109 men >65 years, and 157 women >60 years) were consecutively selected and questioned about eating habits , lifestyle and food frequency . Medical check-up, and laboratory tests were also performed. i. Whether the elderly people are well nourished ii. What are the nutritional habits of Senior Citizens iii. What is the average food purchased by each Senior Citizen iv. Whether the food stores are available nearby v. What are the food preferences among men and women living in this township vi. What is the average water consumption of each Senior Citizen vii. Whether water supply is adequate viii. What is the average weight of people living in this township ix. How many of them are obese 3. Elimination Pattern (Survey dated 05.09.2007) The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental health of South Towne Ranch township . The survey included healthy elderly members . Survey : i. Whether the Air is pollution free ii. What is the percentage of Carbon Dioxide in the Air iii. Whether the environment is...Major highways and shopping are right around the block. South Towne mall, Utah's largest shopping destination, with two levels of over 150 specialty shops and restaurants is only a half-mile away! Several 18 hole championship golf courses are nearby as well, including a number of signature courses designed by professionals. Some of the top skiing resorts in the nation, Snow Bird, Alta, Brighton, Solitude - are each only 45 minutes away. This location is also only an hour and a half from Park City - where the 2002 Winter Olympics were held ! The purpose of this survey was to describe the health status of the elderly in South Towne Ranch Retirement living .The participants were asked to rate their health. About 10.5% of the sample perceived that their health was excellent, 63.6% good, while 26% believed that their health was poor.When asked to compare their health to other people,51.7% believed their health was similar to others, 22.6% considered it to be better than others, 18.3% considered their health worse than others and 7.4% could not say. Method: 266 elderly people (109 men >65 years, and 157 women >60 years) were consecutively selected and questioned about eating habits , lifestyle and food frequency . Medical check-up, and laboratory tests were also performed. The survey was conducted among people aged between 60 to 85 to understand the sleeping habits and problems among th

Articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

Articles - Essay Example rnet users’ streaming increases slows internet speeds and in order to regulate this, internet service providers might be required to regulate streaming. However, this should not be through charging higher fees for their services and Microsoft should therefore not pay more money subscribers’ access to higher speed services (Wheeler 69). The article advocates for the use of LinkedIn when searching for a job. LinkedIn is a professional job searching networking service and provides its users with a wide range of job opportunities by connecting job seekers with employers and recruiters. By identifying some of the techniques that a job seeker should apply when looking for jobs through LinkedIn, the article plays an important role of ensuring that job seekers are informed on how to use this site without leaving out necessary information such as uploading their pictures (Wayne 36). Although information provided by the article does not guarantee any job seeker an employment opportunity through LinkedIn, going through the article is a great resource for anyone seeking employment. This is more so considering that social networks have revolutionized almost every aspect of human life, the labor market included. I have used LinkedIn to identify and apply for job opportunities, though my applications have not been successful (Wayne

Public speaking class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public speaking class - Essay Example The event was organized by a group of young people who had invited a group of professional speakers to come and talk to the young people on various career options. Martin is a senior manager at a law firm and was quite proud of informing us about his position at the start of his speech. He started his speech by joking that the secret to speaking to a multitude of eager minds like his employees is, not letting them know that he is afraid of them. From his introduction, you could tell that this was going to be an interesting speech as most people decided to pocket their phones and pay attention to this new and vibrant speaker. His introduction entailed him giving a brief overview of his success in his career. From his introduction, it was important to note that a key tactic in successful public speaking is to begin on a light note and capture the audience’s attention. He then sank into the content of his speech. He carefully outlined to us how he and decided to pursue his career in n law despite opposition from his parents. Martin informed us that they key to a successful career is having passion from an early stage of development. IT was quite interesting the way he spoke with confidence and expertise in about his career. He was quite eloquent and comprehensible so the audience did not have to struggle to hear him well. This I noted is another tip to quality public speaking, being eloquent and comprehensible. Martin had structured his speech and ordered its delivery using a specific sequence. He started off by introducing us to his career, giving some background information and showing us his progress over the years to his current position in his firm. The speech was ordered in a way that it was easy to follow through in case someone lost attention for a while. This he said was another skill in public speaking. Ensuring that the content you are delivering is well

What did Malcom X do for Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What did Malcom X do for Islam - Research Paper Example At the age of 20, Malcolm X was arrested and taken to prison for criminal offense (larceny, breaking, and entering). It was during his prison life that Malcolm X joined the Nation of Islam; a movement founded by Wallece Fard in the 1930s (DeCaro 76). He rose to the ranks to become a leader in the Nation of Islam. He opted for the name X on the belief that he had lost his true lineage following forced slavery on his African ancestors. For years, Malcolm X featured as the public face of this controversial Islamic group that believed and worshipped Allah and also lived to Mohammed’s teachings. In protecting the Nation Islam’s teachings, Malcolm X strongly advocated for Black-White separation, scoffed at the American’s civil rights movement, and espoused black supremacy by emphasizing on white-black integration (Kly 77). Following the mysterious disappearance of Fard, Elijah Muhammad ascended to the leadership of the movement. The Nation of Islam became very powerful and influential, especially among the African-Americans who had been released from prison and where in search of help and guidance (Turner 54). The group preached strict adherence to moral codes as well as relying on fellow African-Americans for guidance and support. The primary goal of this movement was not integration, but empowering the blacks to establish their own churches, support networks, and schools (DeCaro 85). After making his personal conversion to Muhammad, Malcolm X’s talents were recognized by Elijah, making to become the spokesperson of the Black Muslims. Having been disillusioned with Muhammad and the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X led repudiation to the Nation of Islam and its fundamental teachings (Sabrina 6-7). It was after this walkout that Malcolm X embraced Sunni Islam. Following years of Middle East and Africa n travels, Malcolm founded the popular Organization of Afro-American

Goodbye Mr. Chips by James Hilton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Goodbye Mr. Chips by James Hilton - Essay Example A true educator will not say "I teach English, Math, German etc." but rather, "I teach children/pupils/students..." As Kathie Chipping puts it so well, "schoolmastering is so important, don't you think To be influencing those who are going to grow up and matter to the world..." (Hilton, 35). On the surface, the style and methods of the old teacher appear conservative and conventional, like all good educators, he is open to change, when it is for the good, and not merely for its own sake. By incorporating new ideas, using humor, gentleness and wisdom, better results are achieved. By earning respect and love, such a teacher then becomes an inspiration and finally finds contentment and self-worth in knowing they have done a good job. Evidence of this is shown in the achievements of his pupils, his 'boys': Conflict: The outward manifestation of the principal conflict is the passionate argument between Chips and Ralston, the young headmaster. The underlying differences are those of values and motivation. On one side, there is Ralston, efficient, ruthless, ambitious, 'modern' and materialistic. On the other, is Chips, representing years of tradition, old fashioned teaching methods, using a gentlemanly, timeless approach to what pupils should be learning, and with a genuine dedication to their personal development. Ralston's stance can be illustrated thus, when trying to get rid of Chips: "Your boys don't learn even what they're supposed to learn. None of them last year got through the Lower certificate." (Hilton, 75). In seeking to make money, and a reputation for himself, Chips perceived him to be "running Brookfield like a factory, a factory for turning out a snob-culture based on money and machines." (Hilton, 76). He detested the results of such activity, as "Vulgar..ostentatious...all the hectic rotten-ripeness of the age...no sense of proportion." (Hilton, 77). Their personalities and views on educational methods reflect opposing values. Ralston demands 'modernity', and changes which seek to show his perceived talents in a favorable light, not because it is better. Chips subscribes to the view that 'if it ain't broke, don't fix it', why make change for its own sake, certificates do not make better human beings. In the historical context, the conflict occurs in a period of social change. Victorian morality had given way to a frenetic, rich, Edwardian decadence. But a huge gap still existed between the rich and the poor. While Ralston courted the rich for their money and power, Chips, influenced by the socialist, idealist and democratic beliefs he had absorbed from Kathie, hoped for change which 3. would encompass education for all, "a

Compare and contrast Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Compare and contrast - Assignment Example Shannon at this time is tired of leaving the traditional life and decides to America so that she can be free. Surprisingly she and Joseph escape away together with joseph disguising himself as her servant. Along the way, Shannon gets herself in trouble but Joseph comes to her rescue. They find jobs in a chicken processing plant and Joseph starts boxing making him somewhat a celebrity in the Irish town. Things however start going sour for the both of them and Shannon is even shot. Shannon’s father comes in search of her daughter and tries to separate them but in vain. In the end Joseph and Shannon, profess their love and go ahead to take away the land they had acquired together (Fandango 2013). Comparing and Contrasting When comparing the two main characters in this film: Joseph and Shannon, it is easy to see quite a number of similarities. For one both characters are extremely strong and hardheaded. Joseph’s strong character comes from his determination to avenge the de ath of his father. For this, he is capable of doing anything, even murder. He does not even hide the intentions he has such that his home village is supportive of his mission and cheerfully bid him farewell. Shannon on the other hand is similarly a strong, rebellious and headstrong. This character is brought out by the fact that she wants to be free of the traditional life at her home and wants to go and explore the world. She does not like being the perfect and well-mannered daughter her parents and the society wants her to be. Her strong character is evident by the way she shoots at Joseph when he invades their home trying to kill her father Daniel. Both Joseph and Shannon are strong enough to survive a hard life in Boston. Shannon tries to dance in order to get money while Joseph becomes a ring boxer to also make money. The owners of the home they had invaded shoot Shannon but Joseph attends to her until she gains her strength back. This shows that both characters faced their cha llenges head on despite of how cornered they were. While contrasting both characters it is easy to see that Joseph and Shannon are still different in their own way. For instance, once Shannon has set her mind to do something nothing can deter her and she is not easily swayed by anything. Conversely, from the film one can see that Joseph does not stick to what she has originally planned. One instance is when Joseph decides to seek revenge on the person who murdered his father but after he see’s Shannon, he is mesmerized by her strong character and somehow forgets his mission. In addition, while in Boston both Joseph and Shannon decide to work in order to acquire a piece of land but when Joseph is paid, he uses his money on expensive clothes so as to get Shannon’s admiration (Ebert 1992). This however does not sit well with Shannon who cannot believe Joseph is wasting the money on other things instead of saving for their daily upkeep. Shannon is a very goal oriented pers on and anyone who tries to mess around with her plans of being independent is not very welcome. Another aspect that can be contrasted is the setting of Shannon’s home and where she escapes to in search of a modern and free life. From the film, it is evident that despite Shannon calling home traditional and wanting to be free, while there she was well taken care of by her parents who were wealthy. This is unlike Oklahoma where on the

Us Dollar Movements In 2008 Essay Example for Free

Us Dollar Movements In 2008 Essay The U. S dollar is the most widely used currency in the world in terms of trade and foreign exchange reserves. The US dollar is susceptible to many factors e. g. political, economic as well as financial market forces and therefore fluctuates overtime (Intercontinental Exchange Inc, 2009). The assessment of the movements in the US dollar is tracked by the US Dollar index USDX which is basically a chart showing the value of the US Dollar against the major world currencies. These major currencies are the EUN (EUR), Japanese Yen (JPY), Sterling pound (GBP), Canadian dollar (CAD), Swedish Kroner (SEK) and the Swiss Franc (CHF). The dollar index is calculated as a geometric progression weighted average of the six currencies rates against the US Dollar value relative to 1973 (base year) when the index was launched. Therefore this means that the current rate of the US Dollar index shows the average dollar value compared to 1973 which is the base year (Intercontinental Exchange Inc, 2009). Factors affecting US dollar Index over the past one year The performance of the US dollar against the basket of other major currencies (which form the biggest chunk of US trading partners) as measured by the Dollar Index is affected by many factors key among them economic, political and even financial market news. Therefore the trend in the dollar index can be an indication of the state of the economy and financial market. Economic factors The state of the US economy and the major countries around the world affects the movement of the dollar against world major currencies. An example is an economic indicator like home sales. In April this year, the home sales done released indicated that the home sales were higher than predicted. This news boosted the dollar against major currencies hence moving the dollar index previous recorded levels as witnessed in the figure 1 below (DeCarbonnel, 2009). In late 2008, the subprime mortgage crisis resulted in lack of liquidity in the financial markets which led to the credit which as we know today. The dollar index increased during this period as a result of declining factors in the financial market. The other factor that has affected the dollar index over the past year is the widening US deficit resulting from the continued borrowing by way of selling US treasuries. The US government uses the funds to fund war in Iraq and Afghanistan among other pressing issues. The US deficit has substantially grown over the recent past to an extent that the countries debt ratings were at risk. Currently the US debt rating is Aaa according to Moody’s. The fear of credit rating downgrade reduced the value of the dollar against major currencies (TheLFB-Forex, 2009). Financial factors The ballooning current account deficit was a result of buying US securities by foreign investors but now with the dollar threatening the domestic currencies of these nations they have been forced to sell off the US held assets and this will definitely affect the price of the dollar. The deficit also has the effect of weakening the dollar value and thus affects the movement of the dollar index (Randall, 2009). The selling off of treasuries will also affect the dollar in that the government will be forced to print the equivalent dollar amount if they lack a buyer in order to honor the pledge made in the treasuries. The other factor that has affected the dollar index is the continued acceptance of gold in place of the dollar. The increase in the price of gold leads to a decline in the value of the dollar. Inflation as a result of pumping a lot of money into the economy may lead to high demand for commodities e. g. gold as explained earlier on, the higher the price of gold the lower the value of the dollar as shown in figure 2 (marketoracle, 2009). The other factor that may have played a bigger part in the trend witnessed of the US dollar is that of lack of confidence wit the US dollar as the major foreign reserve currency. In fact some countries like China and Brazil are contemplating establishing a currency that is more stable. Lack of confidence is shown by the wayward performance of the dollar index. Political factors The domestic problem in the US i. e. economical and social programs announced by the new president, stimulus package, bailout of banks and also companies, programs such as Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), war in Iraq and Afghanistan are just some of the factors that have pressurized the value of the US dollar. All these programs need resources which are basically raised by selling treasuries (marketoracle, 2009). Conclusion The movement witnessed in the dollar index over the past one year has not only been attributed to the above mentioned factors but also due to the market fundamentals which keep on changing from time to time although to a large extent, the dollar index has been affected by the credit crisis in the financial market which has led to the slowing down of the world economy.Figure 1. (marketoracle, 2009) Figure 2. (marketoracle, 2009) References DeCarbonnel, E. (2009, January 2nd). Ten Major Threats facing the US Dollar in 2009. Retrieved May 26th, 2009, from market skeptics: http://www. marketskeptics. com Intercontinental Exchange Inc. (2009, May 25th). US Dollar Index Futures. Retrieved May 26th, 2009, from Intercontinental Exchange Inc: https://www. theice. com/productguide/ProductDetails. stripes? specId=194 marketoracle. (2009, May 24th). Stock Market Trend Confusion and US Dollar crackdown. Retrieved May 25th, 2009, from marketoracle: http://www. marketoracle. co. uk/Article10869. html Randall, F. W. (2009, May 21st). Gains from the Greenbacks pain. Retrieved May 26th, 2009, from Barrons: http://online. barrons. com/article/SB124285469500340755. html TheLFB-Forex. (2009, May 09th). Dollar Index Review: Post Stress Test. Retrieved May 25th, 2009, from TheLFB-Forex. com: http://www. TheLFB-Forex. com

Business Cycle Synchronization in Latin America

Business Cycle Synchronization in Latin America Business cycles synchronization in Latin America:  A TVTPMS Approach Introduction: Over the last decades, there has been a growing interest in the business cycle transmissions among countries and interdependencies. The design of regional co-operations and integrations, such as Mercosur or Latin America countries, has the purpose to reduce poverty, amplify society welfare and enhance macroeconomic stability. However, it is crucial to understand the influence of regional integration and the role of external factors on regional business cycle synchronization. Fiess (†¦..) find that a relatively low degree of business cycle synchronization within Central America as well as between Central America and the United States. Grigoli (2009) analyzed the causation relations among business activities of the Mercosur countries to determine which cycles are dependent on others, considering trade intensity, trade structure and the influences of the EU and US as well. He find some causation relations among the South-American countries; however, the EU and US do not play a relevant role in determining the fluctuations of their cycles. Gutierrez and Gomes (†¦..) use the Beveridge-Nelson-Stock-Watson multivariate trend-cycle decomposition model to estimate a common trend and common cycle. Aiolfi et al. (2010) identify a sizeable common component in the LA countries’ business cycles, suggesting the existence of a regional cycle Caporale and Girardi (2012) show that the LA region as a whole is largely dependent on external developments and the trade channel appears to be the most important source of business cycle co-movement. They report that the business cycle of the individual LA countries appears to be influenced by country-specific, regional and external shocks in a very heterogenous way. In order to investigate the degree of synchronization of the business cycles among the six major LA economies[1] (namely, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela) as a whole, we consider the presence of a regional cycle by estimating the common growth cycle with the aim of testing its effect on each country-specific cycle. Besides this introduction, this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains the model and describes the data. Section 3 presents the empirical results and finally, section 4 concludes. Data and Methodology : We use quarterly data of the real GDP growth rate of the LAC countries, extracted from Penn World Table , namely †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, covering the period from the first quarter of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ to the last quarter of †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. We focus on whether the economic activity in the LAC countries is driven by a joint business cycle. We first look at the engine of growth lies within the LA countries. We therefore firstly begin by studying the existence of a common cycle among the economies studied. Second, we attempt to find the influence of a common factor referred to as the LAC’s business cycle extracted from the estimation of a dynamic common factor model. We employ a measure of business cycles synchronization based on Hamilton’s (1989) original Markov-switching model and the time– varying Markov–switching model developed by Filardo (1994) and reconsidered recently by Kim et al. (2008) to investigate the regional common factor in dating the regional business cycles. This study analyzes whether the synchronization pattern of business cycles in a country has systematically changed with the expansion or recession phases of regional business cycle. In this context, we assumed business cycles in a particular country are driven by regional cycles proxied by the common dynamic factor in real GDP growth of the LA countries, thus we use a dynamic factor model to extract the regional cycle. The main interest of the analysis is that a latent dynamic factor drives the co-movement of a high-dimensional vector of time-series variables which is also affected by a vector of mean-zero idiosyncratic disturbances, ÃŽ µt (Stock, 2010) . The common factors are assumed to follow a first-order autoregressive process. This linear state-space model can be written as follows: (1) (2) where L1,t,†¦,Lk,t are common to all the series, ÃŽ µ and ÃŽ · are independent Gaussian white noise terms. The L matrix of factor loadings measures the instantaneous impact of the common factors on each series. There are two growth phases or regimes with a transition between them governed by a time-varying transition probability matrix. The advantage of such a model is that the regimes can be easily interpreted as regimes of recession and expansion. The estimated equation is the following[2]: , (3) where and The endogenous variable, yt (the real growth rate in a given country at time t) is assumed to visit the two states of a hidden variable, st, that follows a first-order Markov chain, over the T observations[3]. ÃŽ ¼st, ÏÆ', à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ are real coefficients to be estimated. Denoting zt the leading variable (the regional common factor at time t), we want to know whether zt causes yt+k, k= 1,2, †¦.Under the assumption that both y and z have ergodic distributions, we define the following transition probability functions: (4) where and are elements of the following transition probability matrix: (5) with Pij the probability of switching from regime j at time t − 1 to regime i at time t and i, j =1, 2 with for all i,j∈{1,2. k is a lag. In order to estimate the coefficients of equation (1), we need to maximize the log-likelihood of the unconditional density function of yt: (6) The unconditional density function is the product of the conditional density function and the unconditional probability of st. This is written as[4]: (7) Transition probabilities indicate that the states of expansion and recession are equally persistent, and this persistency is very strong. These probabilities aim to provide information about the likelihood of staying or switching from a given regime of k periods after a regime change in z. If the estimate of ÃŽ ¼1 is positive and ÃŽ ¼2 is negative, then regime 1 can be interpreted as one of expansion and regime 2 as one of contraction. Furthermore, assume that in eq. (†¦) ÃŽ ³1,2 is positive. This indicates that while any increase in leading indicator (z) increases P11, probability that y stays in regime 1, any decrease in z increases 1-P11, probability that y switches from regime 1 k periods later; that is, an expansion (recession) in z leads to an expansion (recession) in another country. Similarly, a negative ÃŽ ³1,2 means that an expansion in z leads to a recession in another country. Additionally, a negative ÃŽ ³2,2 means that any decrease (increase) in leading indicator in creases the probability of staying in regime 2 (switching from regime 2). If both ÃŽ ³1,2 and ÃŽ ³2,2 are insignificant, this would mean that there is no statistically meaningful impact of the occurrence of expansions or recessions in a leading market on the growth regime of the other markets[5]. Empirical Results Fig. 1 refers to the common factor, i.e. the regional growth cycle of the Latin America countries. As we can see, the common factor easily captures the well-known common features of the LA business cycle such as the 1994–95 Mexican crisis and the Tequila crisis. To test the hypothesis of a joint business cycle in the LA, we estimate the TVTPMS model given by Eqs. (1) and (2) with the variable z referring to the common factor (regional cycle). Fig. 1. Common factor in real GDP growth of the Latin America countries The estimation results for the regional cycle as leading variable are reported in Table 1. We find significantly positive ÃŽ ¼1 and negative ÃŽ ¼2 which correspond to a situation of distinct expansion and contraction regimes. Our main findings are based on the significance of the estimated coefficients ÃŽ ³1,2 and ÃŽ ³2,2. When looking at the significance of the coefficient ÃŽ ³1,2 , it is found that the common factor exerts direct effects on Mexico and Venezuela, implying that a high growth rate in regional cycle is informative of GDP expansion phases in these countries. That is, an expansion in common factor increases the probability that Mexico and Venezuela will continue to evolve in an expansion regime (i.e. P11). However, we see that ÃŽ ³2,2 is never significant for these countries. This suggests that the regional cycle can never be considered as a leading indicator of the future state of the cycle in Mexico and Venezuela when they are already in the contraction regime (i.e. P2 2 and P1-22). Conversely, our results show that regional cycle is sensitive to economic fluctuations in Colombia, Chile and Brazil because ÃŽ ³2,2 is significant, thereby implying that any change in regional factor does help predict whether these economies will stay into or escape from contractions. Table 1 Estimation results for the regional cycle as leading variable. The numbers in bold indicate that a high growth rate in Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, and the Brail has an impact on the expansion and recession phases of the regional cycle. The evidence presented here indicates that Latin America countries’ increasing economic interdependence has strengthened both interregional business cycles synchronization. A regional cycle could provide significant informational content in predicting the future state of Mexico and Venezuela only when they are already into the expansionary state and the future state of Colombia, Chile and Mexico when they are already in the contraction regime. That is, the high level of integration reached within the region has enabled Mexico and Venezuela to emerge as a pole of economic growth where their business cycles are mutually reinforced during expansions. In other words, while this increasing economic interdependence tends to strengthen output co-movements when these countries are already in the expansionary state, the shift from contractions to recovery, opposed to Colombia, Chile and Mexico, do not depend on the recovery in other countries. For Argentina, both ÃŽ ³1,2 and ÃŽ ³2,2 is insignificant, implying any change in the regional cycle regional cycle is not sensitive to economic fluctuations in this country. Conclusion The papers other main finding is that a regional cycle could provide significant informational content in predicting the future state of the five of the largest Latin American economies—Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, and Mexico. However, the amplitude and duration of the business cycle are asymmetric, indicating that nonlinearities are important in the growth process. Thus, since the Latin America countries’ business cycles are well-tied together through a regional cycle, the costs of joining a monetary union would be reduced if a deeper regional economic cooperation, including intra-exchange rate stability and macroeconomic policy coordination, before turning on to a full-fledged monetary union. Since the Latin American economies have historically been highly dependent globalization process and demand from outside trading partners it would be interesting repeating a similar exercise with interest rates and cyclical output in advanced countries. References Hamilton, J.D., 1989. A new approach to the economic analysis of nonstationary time  series and the business cycle. Econometrica 57, 357–384. Filardo, A.J., 1994. Business cycle phases and their transitional dynamics. J. Bus. Econ. Stat.  12, 299–308. [1] These countries have accounted for some 70 percent of the region’s GDP over the past half century (Maddison, 2003, pp. 134–140) [2] The lag structure has been tested with standard AIC, HQ and SC criteria. [3] The occurrence of a regime is referred by a variable st that takes two values: 1 if the observed regime is 1 and 2 if it is regime 2 [4] The lags in the model are chosen using the Akaike information criterion. Moreover, we perform the Ljung–Box (LB) test to check that there is no residual autocorrelation [5] In this case, The TVPMS model converges to the Hamilton fixed probability model

Make Up Artists In Movies

Make Up Artists In Movies From massive scars and head wounds to flawless skin and supermodel good looks, many actors have only one person to thank the make up artist. All sorts of cinematic magic have relied on the skill and imagination of the movie make-up artists. Depending on the ideas and thoughts of the director and the script, film make-up artists made need to put their skills to the test and push the boundaries in order to get the perfect look. Make up artists need to be able to adapt from creating a sophisticated, high fashion look to showing an actor who has aged 50 years, has an injury or even looks like an alien or cartoon character. From the earliest days of the movies, make-up artists have had to combine their art with film-making technology. Actors in silent films, for example, had heavy yellow make-up to compensate for the monochromatic film that was insensitive to the red end of the light spectrum. Today, make up techniques and computer-generated images come together to create visions like Spock ears from Star Trek and Hellboys red facial prosthetic. Behind the magic on the screen, the world of a make-up artist is a demanding one. These facial masks can take hours to create just to be used in a very short seen in a movie, yet the movies would not be half as effective without these characteristics. Responsibilities of a Movie Make-up Artist The responsibilities of a movie make-up artist vary depending on the type of work and level of responsibility that the make-up artist has. Hollywood union regulations classify movie make-up artists based on the area of the actors body being made up: A make-up artist is allowed to apply cosmetics only from the top of the head to the top of the breastbone, from fingertips to wrists and from toes to ankles. A body make-up artist applies cosmetics as required to any other areas of the actors body. While the regular make-up artist generally works throughout filming, the body make-up artist is hired per day when needed. Different Make-Up Artists and their Role in the Film The key make-up artist is in charge of the make-up department for a movie. They decide what will be the best approach to the make up of a certain character and make sure that this idea is seen through. During pre-production, the head make-up artist reads the script and meets with the director and screenwriter to discuss their needs and ideas for the films make up. This is done to make sure the final product shown in post-production is the same as the starting idea. The key make-up artist also will work with the main hair designer, costume designer, set designer and director of lighting throughout the film. Together they will discuss exactly what is that needs to be done in order to pull the make up off successfully. The head of make-up then researches and determines how to design the make-up and special make-up effects for the film. They will often need to work with special effects companies in order to pull off some harsher make up looks (such as scars, major wounds on limbs, major disfiguration of a body part etc.) The key make-up artist also hires the additional make-up artists needed, sets the work schedule and supervises the make up team during production. The senior make-up artist oversees the work of the other make-up artists and usually become primarily responsible for the actions of all the make-up artists. This means making sure that actors make-up remains the same or changes as filming requires, such as the addition of scars after an accident or evidence of aging as the film progresses. This job is vital in a film and needs the artist to be 100% focused, commuted and knowledgeable about the script. Make-up artists do the actual work in making actors looks match the designs set for the movie. They also apply and touch up the make-up when necessary. Assistant make-up artists handle lower-level make-up chores such as fixing up mistakes in the make-up and assisting the make-up artists. Working as a Make-up Artist in Movies Working as a movie make-up artist means starting work very early in the day and working for very long periods of time. During daily production, the make-up artists need to be at the location before dawn each day to lay out supplies, get prepared for the actors and set up any other special equipment for each specific actor. The movie make-up artists work off a schedule of make-up, hair and wardrobe calls for each actor. The assistant director sets the schedule, based on the scenes to be shot that day and passes it out late the day before. This then lets all the different departments know what exactly will need to be done that day and how many hours they will be working for. Each film make-up artist is assigned specific actors to look after. The make-up artist will have detailed notes, sketches and photos as reference to help achieve the right look for their actor. Throughout the day, the make-up artist or an assistant will touch up the actors make-up and change it as required by the scenes being filmed at that time. Achieving the right look can be a time-consuming process, particularly if the make-up includes special effects Hellboys make-up took four hours everyday with only short breaks in between for the actor. Foam pieces covered the actors back, chest and head. Once everything was on, the suit had to be painted and hair was added. Imagine having to go through this process every single day? At the end of the filming day, another long process has to begin for the make-up artists. The make-up artist has to remove all the actors make-up, hairpieces, prosthetic facial features (if any were used) and other effects and store them all so they are easy to find the following morning. While working as a make-up artist can be grueling but fun, movie jobs are not easy to find for most people and it is very difficult to break into the market of films. Becoming an experienced make-up artist means starting at the bottom, as an assistant. From there, an aspiring make-up artist has to work his/her way up the ladder by learning on the job, as well as building a strong portfolio of work and gaining a reputation with directors, actors and key make-up artists. For some it may take years to be able to achieve what they set out to achieve while for others luck and pure, raw talent may be enough to win them the job in a higher ranking. Becoming a Make-Up Artist Just like any other job in the film industry, youll need knowledge, experience, skill, luck and the right contacts in order to make your mark. For starters, you shall want to consider the right education. The best way to start off would be through a cosmetology school. You may even consider an art school if you wish to work with the prosthetic side of the movie make-up world. These schools often include a movie make-up course in their curriculum and also can give you the chance to learn more about the film-making industry and how to become apart of it. In addition to this, schools with a film focus may be able to help you get internships, jobs and make contacts with potential clients. Once completed, you will have to pass a state licensing exam. This will give you the license to work as a registered make-up artist. Student films can give you a start on your work portfolio, which will be a valuable tool in seeking work and becoming successful in finding a job. Make-up artists and directors will then be able to sift through your portfolio to see what you are able to do and can therefore decide where to go from their. Major Hollywood feature films require union membership which is unlike independent films. Although school will give you a good heads start, your training really will come from working in the industry itself. That may mean starting off with make-up in television or theatre, or even starting as an assistant to an already established make-up artist. By being on a set working with make-up challenges, youll learn how production works and pick up tips on how to be effective as a make-up artist. With solid training behind you, a strong portfolio and your eyes to the future, you should be ready to create some movie make-up magic of your own.

Bruce Dawes Poetry :: essays research papers

Discuss 2 of Dawe's poems which illustrates his belief that ordinary things in life are a good subject for poetry.Bruce Dawe poems illustrate his version of "ordinary". The poems I have studied of his work have been about life and how people deal with everyday living. Such poems as Drifters and Homosuburbiensis are good examples of how Dawe captures the meaning of "ordinary". Drifters is about a family who move from place to place, as the father needs to move by the demand of his job. The young children are growing up to learn no other way of life, as they are all waiting for the day they shall move again. The children get very excited about this, as it is something different and is of course an adventurous, in ordinary life.The eldest, she is seeing what she is missing out on and is becoming aware that there nomadic lives may never change. She who once was one of those excited children, realises she can not lead a normal teenage life as she is not stationed long enough, to become friends with people her own age. She is becoming frustrated with her life. She becomes upset but knows she has to accept the inevitable. From the above Dawe shows compassion for the eldest as she has to go through this more than once. Also the young children are going to grow up to realise they will too go through the same thing. Dawe also shows a serious side in the poem, as the mother just wants to settle down and have the bright future she has always dreamed of. Dawe has a sympathetic outlook towards the mother, by outlining her hopes and dreams, also asking her husband Tom to make a wish in the last line of the poem. Thus hoping he will choose the same path in life that would be concrete and will bring them closer together. Because this is a continuous event the mother is getting frustrated as at the time of packing once again she finds that she has not unpacked from there last move.This poem is not everyone's ordinary life but a life the have to lead in order to stay functional. The family have to make sacrifices because it is more of a necessity. This life they lead is ordinary to the young children but frustrating towards the eldest and the mother.

Film Analysis of Bowling for Columbine by Michael Moore Essay -- Movie

Film Analysis of Bowling for Columbine by Michael Moore In the recent film â€Å"Bowling for Columbine,† Michael Moore claims that fear drives people to violence; a short animation clip is also used by Michael Moore to depict the history of the United States in the documentary. The animation brought out a number of issues that set people thinking. Issues on race, fear and violence are also discussed in the documentary (as well as the interview of Oprah Winfrey and Michael Moore.)It is shocking to realize how people have got involved in the culture of fear, and violence. The discrimination of the blacks in America is also discussed in the film. Having watched this documentary, I was totally appalled. Thoughts went through my head, and questions were left unanswered. Are people treated justly and equally? It seems to me that the answer is no. The world did not seem safe anymore, and an example of that being that bullets were made easily available in stores such as â€Å"K-mart†. â€Å"It’s an American tradition; it’s an American responsibility to be armed. If you’re not armed you’re not responsible.† is a quote given by a militia member. It seems to me that the Americans are caught up in their own world only worried about themselves. There is some form of self-obsession going on in the country, as people only care about their own well being, and another example is a quote given by a female militia member â€Å"Because, being a female, for one, I felt it was important to be able to protect myself with the best means possible. And one of those means is having a gun. When a criminal breaks in to your house, who is the first person you’re going to call? M... ... of guns, for example the killings of student in Columbine. In my opinion, â€Å"The biggest problem has been the gun possession by these adolescents in suburbia.† The six year old boy killing his classmate as the gun was of easy accessibility. All of these could have been avoided if fewer guns are involved. And with fewer guns, there would be less violence, more peace and security for the citizens of America. Thus in conclusion, I believe that more effort could be put in to stop all the issues of fear, killings and discrimination. Most of the issues could be avoided if people stopped being so paranoid and self-centred. I believe that the issues on killings and violence can be resolved peacefully without the involvement of guns. If people were to trust each other more, the world would be a much better place to live in.

A First Year Teacher’s Biggest Challenge

A teacher spends a tremendous amount of time learning how to teach various ages of people. Their main objective it to teach the lesson in such a way that it will be easily understood by the students.For students of a specific age bracket, say three to eighteen year olds, the only way that they can actually learn the lesson is if they have fun doing it. Unfortunately for new teachers, this is where all the problems begin.How does a first year teacher manage her classroom and discipline her students?   Be it in the pre-school or high school teaching environments, getting the students to respect the teacher and follow learning rules during class hours has been the bane of teachers since time immemorial.But, this is not to say that first year teachers have to suffer that kind of situation. No, there are many things that a first year teacher can do in order to gain control of her students and her classroom.To begin with, it is imperative that new teachers enter the classroom with at lea st a basic training and know how regarding classroom management. Admit it, the youth can smell a novice teacher a mile away and will take advantage of the greenhorn teacher in any way they can.New teachers need not despair though. All is not lost. The teacher can still manage to win the war provided he or she is willing to work at it.To begin with, a new teacher can take advantage of the hired consultants that many school district offer. These are people who can train the new teacher to use the art of nonverbal techniques in classroom management. If a new teacher learns how to use these skills to his or her advantage during her first year of teaching, it will be a lot easier for them to get through their freshman teaching experience.Not all the new teachers have to go by hit or miss results and rely on learning from their mistakes. Unlike their predecessors, new teachers can be taught and trained in how to use a personal bond with the students in order to get the results they want.T he keyword in this type of situation is respect. Children respond better to people whom they know will not mete out a punishment for bad behavior and instead treats them as an equal whose rights and feelings must be respected. This is a delicate line to tread upon though.The new teacher must be sure to convey the aura of respect for the student without overstepping the boundaries and becoming a personal friend instead of a teacher to the student.Although most school systems have their own ideas of how a new teacher should be able to gain control of her classroom, the truth of the matter is that it would be best if a teacher has the freedom to try various classroom management and disciplining techniques on his or her own until he or she finds a style that she is comfortable with and gets positive results from.New teachers may or may not be given the chance to learn about classroom management styles during their senior year of college because that is not the focus nor priority of thei r training.Therefore, it would benefit the fresh teacher if he or she would take advantage of every class session break to enroll in various training courses and seminars that will help him or her learn and enhance the classroom techniques that they already know.Finally, a fresh teacher can reap the benefits of consulting with the senior teachers of the school regarding how to implement classroom discipline and management. Just as we learn from others emulation, so can the new teachers when it comes to classroom management.Fresh teachers must never feel too inferior to their senior counterparts that they would be afraid to come up with their own classroom management style by taking a peer’s original style and updating it to suit his or her needs.Classroom management is a problem that faces all teachers, not just the newly graduated ones. Therefore, they should never be afraid to ask for the help, guidance, and assistance of the senior teachers. After all, it is through a free exchange of ideas that most problems are usually solved.Work CitedBosch, Karen A. & Kersey, Catherine C.(2007). Managing with class. National Education Association Professional Library. Retrieved January 20, 2008 from http://www.nea.org/tomorrowsteachers/2007/classroomcon.htmlMatthews, Jay. (2000). New teachers rarely learn classroom management. Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved January 21, 2007 from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A23017-2000Dec18.html

A Separate Peace: the Incident at the Tree

Nicole Tu Mr. Lavato English 2A, Period 1 10 September, 2012 The Incident at the Tree In the novel, A Separate Peace by John Knowles, Gene Forrester and Phineas, also known as Finny, are best friends who have a very deep friendship. However, as the story progresses, Gene began to develop feelings of jealousy for Finny when he saw how perfect Finny’s character is. Finny has always been able to talk his way out of trouble and is naturally a good athlete who is earnest, confident, & pure.On the other hand, Gene cannot be pure like Finny and feels insecure. Seeing how good Finny is, caused Gene to become jealous, â€Å"I was beginning to see that Phineas could get away with anything, I couldn’t help envying him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (ch2. 20) Soon, Gene thinks that a rivalry is happening between them. Because Gene envies Finny’s character, he thinks that Finny is also jealous of him for his good academic performance, â€Å"I felt better. Yes, I sensed it like the sweat of relief †¦We were even after all†¦ The deadly rivalry was on both sides after all. †(ch4. 4). By thinking there is a competition between them, Gene feels at ease, because none of them is better than the other. One night, Finny announced that Leper will jump off the tree, in order to become a full member of their secret society. Gene didn’t want to go because he feared his grade would slip if he didn’t study and also thinks that Leper wouldn’t dare to jump off the tree. After hearing from Gene that he wanted to study, Finny was surprise because he thought that Gene was naturally intelligent, who doesn’t need to review for a test.With sincerity, Finny lets Gene study, but Gene changed his mind and would come along with Finny. On the way to the tree,Gene realizes that a competition never happened and it was just Gene that was envious of Finny. Because Gene saw Finny's goodness and innocence, Gene realizes a rivalry with Finny will never occur. Gene began to feel angry with himself because he has been mistaken the whole time. Most importantly, no matter what Gene does he will never be like Finny. †¦there never was and never could have been any rivalry†¦I am not the same quality as he. †(ch4. 72) After much thinking, Finny and Gene soon reached the tree and Finny suggested that the two make a double-jump, which Gene agreed to do and followed Finny up the tree. Gene was by now, feeling anger ; jealously, and for a split second, he became overwhelm with his emotions and jounced the tree limb. With the lost of balance, Finny fell off the tree and broke his leg.